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Reliability Stress Tests and Decision-Time Routing for Chest X-ray Vision-Language Models

2026-10-01 06:23:13
Xinye Yang, Zhusi Zhong, Scott Collins, Grayson Baird, Xuyu Wang, Zhicheng Jiao
arXiv_CV
               
Abstract

Medical vision-language model (VLM) evaluation is sensitive to workflow design, prompting strategy, and benchmark construction, yet most studies treat these factors in isolation. We introduce a reliability stress test for chest X-ray interpretation built on two balanced datasets (a private report-backed set and a curated MIMIC subset). Three medical VLMs (CheXagent, MedGemma-4B, and MedGemma-27B) are evaluated across three prompt styles and two workflows (single-VLM and multi-agent), producing 36 configurations. We show that exact-match accuracy alone can overstate the effectiveness of conservative models that default to "Normal" predictions. Diagnostic reliability also depends heavily on model family and scale: multi-agent reasoning helps some configurations but hurts others. Building on these observations, we propose a decision-time routing framework that selectively escalates to multi-agent inference only when beneficial, improving the cost-quality trade-off over fixed workflows. Our results highlight the need for evaluation protocols that jointly consider prompt sensitivity, failure-mode diversity, and workflow choice before clinical deployment.

Abstract (translated)

URL

https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.02270

PDF

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.02270.pdf

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