Surveillance
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Towards Reliable Aerial Ground Vehicle Collaboration: An Integrated Planning and Autonomy Framework for Field Deployment
2026-07-07 15:59:49Md Safwan Mondal, Luca Russo, James D. Humann, James M. Dotterweich, Pranav BhounsuleAbstract
Limited flight endurance significantly restricts the operational range of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in long duration missions such as surveillance and inspection, where multiple spatially distributed Areas of Interest (AOIs) must be visited. These tasks require efficient routing determining the sequence of visits which directly impacts mission time, energy consumption, and overall feasibility. Pairing UAVs with unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for mobile recharging offers a promising solution, but introduces a tightly coupled cooperative routing problem involving UAV route planning, UGV road constrained movement, energy management, and rendezvous scheduling under uncertainty. In this work, we present an integrated planning and autonomy framework for reliable field deployment. We formulate the problem as an energy constrained cooperative routing task and solve it using a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based planner that jointly optimizes the UAV visitation sequence and rendezvous locations with the UGV, outperforming baseline heuristics in minimizing total mission time. To bridge the gap between planning and execution, we introduce a standardized two layer YAML based mission API that captures environment states and structures lightweight, synchronized action sequences. This framework is supported by a complete autonomy stack using PX4/MAVSDK for UAV control and ROS 2/Nav2 for UGV navigation. Furthermore, we propose a lightweight Rendezvous Aware Replanner (RARP) that operates online to handle environmental uncertainties, reducing energy margin violations from 83.33% to 20.00%. The full system is validated through outdoor field experiments, demonstrating robust cooperative navigation and adaptability in dynamic tasks, including a search and rescue scenario with vision language model (VLM) based hazard detection
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.07350
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Robust Face Super-Resolution and Recognition Through Multi-Feature Aggregation in Diffusion Models
2026-07-06 23:49:55Marcelo dos Santos, Rayson Laroca, Jo\~ao Carlos Raposo Neves, David MenottiAbstract
Images acquired in surveillance environments often suffer from conditions such as low resolution, variations in pose, irregular illumination, and occlusions. Due to the low quality of these images, face recognition algorithms often struggle. This major limitation can be addressed by employing super-resolution techniques that enhance the details of the image. However, due to the high degree of difficulty of the problem, most super-resolution algorithms tend to cause distortions in the image and in the individual's identity. Thus, additional information must be incorporated into the processing to improve recognition robustness. In this regard, surveillance cameras can capture multiple images, even at low quality, and the data extracted from these images, such as consecutive video frames, can significantly enhance both super-resolution and facial recognition. In this work, we introduce FASR++, a diffusion-model-based super-resolution algorithm. It leverages a reference low-resolution image and features extracted from multiple auxiliary low-quality images to generate a super-resolved output, minimizing distortions in the individual's identity. Our approach recovers facial features without explicitly providing soft attributes or computing a function gradient to guide the reconstruction process. FASR++ generates high-quality images that can considerably improve performance in face recognition tasks when used as a pre-processing step. We validate our approach on two standard face recognition datasets and attain state-of-the-art results for verification, face recognition, and image quality metrics such as PSNR, SSIM, and LPIPS.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.05702
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SteelBench: Evaluating Vision-Language Models in Real-World Industrial Environments
2026-07-06 16:11:45Suryanarayana Reddy Yarrabothula, Manisha Chawla, Kunal Sinha, Gagan Raj Gupta, Sashank Lekkala, Ashirvadhan Dosapati, Saikamal Nannuri, Katragadda Ajay RamaSwamy Chowdary GowthamAbstract
Existing video benchmarks evaluate action recognition on consumer videos, egocentric recordings, or simulated industrial environments. They do not test vision-language models under the visual and procedural conditions of real industrial CCTV, where workers appear as distant figures amid dust, steam, low light, glare, occlusion, and overlapping activities. We introduce STEELBENCH, a diagnostic benchmark for industrial surveillance that jointly evaluates per-worker activity recognition, safety-rule reasoning, and annotation provenance. SteelBench contains 1,345 densely annotated clips, curated from 149 hours of operational plant footage and 10,024 candidate clips using temporal deduplication, class balancing, and visibility-aware stratified sampling. Each clip includes dense per-worker action labels, PPE attributes, spatial context, and safety-rule annotations. Because model-assisted annotation can shape the labels later used for model evaluation, SteelBench includes a provenance-aware audit protocol. The protocol measures label influence, evaluates sensitivity to ground-truth provenance, and reports a human reference from expert-reviewed labels. Applying this audit, we find that unaudited VLM-sourced ground truth can inflate same-family model accuracy by up to 17 percentage points. Across nine VLMs from four architectural families, the best model reaches only 42.6% action accuracy, compared with an 84.6% human benchmark. Performance also fragments across recognition, robustness, calibration, and safety reasoning. Even when models predict the correct action, 37-58% of cases still yield incorrect safety judgments, and no model passes more than 2 of 5 diagnostic checks. The dataset is publicly available on Hugging Face.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.05264
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Unsupervised Detection of Underground Tunnels in Ground-Penetrating Radar Using Depth-Restricted Reconstruction Scoring
2026-07-06 10:02:37Muhammad Junaid, Shoab A. Khan, Nisar AhmedAbstract
Clandestine tunneling beneath oil and gas pipelines enables fuel theft, smuggling, and sabotage, yet conventional monitoring detects damage only after a pipeline has been compromised. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) can image such tunnels non-invasively, but manual radargram interpretation does not scale to continuous corridor surveillance, and supervised detectors require tunnel examples that are scarce in practice. We present a fully unsupervised detection pipeline trained exclusively on normal subsurface radargrams collected at a purpose-built field site containing three buried tunnels at 1.5-3 m depth. A denoising convolutional autoencoder learns the structure of anomaly-free ground; at inference, tunnels are flagged by reconstruction error. Our central contribution is a depth-restricted top-k anomaly score, which pools the highest reconstruction errors only within the depth band where tunnels can physically occur. This physically motivated rule raises AUC from 0.986 to 0.994 and cuts missed detections from 74 to 17 of 634 tunnel windows, relative to whole-image scoring, without any retraining or labels. We further show that the optimal top-k fraction interacts with the depth restriction - 1% pooling is best on full images, 5% once scoring is depth-restricted - and that spatial voting across overlapping survey windows helps weak per-image detectors but offers no benefit once the scoring rule is strong. The final system attains AUC 0.994, F1 0.975, recall 0.973, and precision 0.976 on 1,600 field test windows spanning 55 survey lines, at a 1.6% false-alarm rate, using no tunnel labels for training, scoring, or threshold calibration.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.04882
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Robustness Verification of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle-based Plankton Classifier
2026-07-05 18:32:59Abdelrahman Sayed Sayed, Pierre-Jean Meyer, Asgeir J. S{\o}rensen, Mohamed GhazelAbstract
The assessment of planktonic standing stocks and microorganism structures is critical for understanding upper ocean biological processes. Currently, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with in-situ optical imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) methods offer a promising solution for persistent surveillance, mapping and monitoring of planktonic life. However, current AI methods often lack robustness in dynamic, unstructured environments, where environmental noise and non-biological artifacts lead to frequent misclassifications. Standard convolutional neural network (CNN) classifiers often struggle with such conditions, leading to misclassifications that require time-consuming manual validation by marine biologists. To address this issue, we propose a novel robustness verification framework for in-situ plankton classifiers based on reachability analysis. We also introduce a continuous-time neural ordinary differential equation (neural ODE) classification model leveraging the high-resolution imaging capabilities of the SilCam particle imager. In this paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework by formally verifying the robustness of the neural ODE model against environmental perturbations. We demonstrate that our verification framework acts as an automated filter providing formal guarantees of model stability against ambiguous data, thereby improving the reliability of autonomous sampling and reducing the post-processing workload.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.04453
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Event Detection in Videos: A Framework for the Development of New Methods
2026-07-05 16:00:47Anastasia Zakharova, Thierry Bouwmans, Anthony Cioppa, Adrien Deli\`ege, Antonio Greco, Ana\"is Halin, Kamil Jeziorek, Meghna Kapoor, Tomasz Kryjak, Islam Osman, S\'ebastien Pi\'erard, Carlo Sansone, Mohamed S. Shehata, Renaud Vandeghen, Marc Van Droogenbroeck, Bruno VentoAbstract
Event detection tasks in videos, the most important aspect of video surveillance, aim to detect events either at the pixel-level, frame-level, or clip-level. Plenty of methods intended for event detection in different environments, for various applications, and within different acquisition techniques were introduced. Naturally, the attempts were made as well to classify these algorithms in terms of detection of performance or in terms of real-time abilities. Nevertheless, the lack of a large-scale dataset as well as rigorous performance evaluation methods have biased such comparisons as well as the development of the methods. Given the diversity of existing approaches, we believe it is essential for researchers to position their work within such a rich landscape. Thus, we propose a rigorous framework for developing new methods in event detection for videos. Specifically, this framework is based on three main pillars: datasets, performance evaluation, and scenarios for deploying methods.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.04372
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A Multi-Task Deep Learning Framework for Real-Time Intelligent Video Surveillance with Temporal Event Validation
2026-07-03 09:20:58Estera Dumitru, Stelian Sp\^inuAbstract
Modern video surveillance systems generate far more video streams than human operators can effectively monitor, making automated analysis essential for timely detection of security events. This paper presents a unified multi-task deep learning framework that simultaneously performs face recognition with zone-based authorization, automatic license plate recognition, weapon detection, fire and smoke detection, and human action recognition on a shared GPU platform. Among the integrated modules, two task-specific deep-learning models are proposed in this work to address scenarios that are insufficiently represented in publicly available datasets: a single-class weapon detector fine-tuned on a merged and relabeled dataset, achieving a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 0.947, and a SlowFast-R50 action recognition model trained on a purpose-built vandalism dataset comprising 614 video clips, achieving 94.33% classification accuracy. To improve robustness in continuous video, all detection modules are integrated into a temporal event-validation architecture based on multi-frame confirmation, confidence-weighted voting, and cascaded filtering, transforming frame-level predictions into reliable security events. Each module is evaluated independently on established public datasets (LFW, D-Fire, FIRESENSE, and UCF-Crime), followed by integrated end-to-end system evaluation. The proposed temporal validation strategy reduces the fire and smoke false-alarm rate from 52% to 4% and improves video license plate exact-match accuracy from 66.7% to 81.8%, while the complete framework maintains real-time operation with a per-frame latency below 100 ms on commodity hardware. These results demonstrate that combining specialized deep-learning models with temporal event validation provides an effective and practical solution for reliable real-time intelligent video surveillance.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.03131
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Attention-Guided Efficientnet Architecture For Precise Criminal Identification in Surveillance Images
2026-07-03 08:09:27Savitha N J, Lata B TAbstract
Criminal identification from surveillance imagery has become a critical research area in intelligent forensic surveillance systems due to the increasing deployment of CCTV cameras in public and private environments. However, surveillance-based face recognition remains highly challenging because of low image resolution, illumination variation, motion blur, pose changes, facial occlusion, and background clutter. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an Attention-Guided EfficientNet (AG-EfficientNet) framework for precise criminal identification in surveillance images. The proposed framework integrates EfficientNet-B0 with Convolutional Block Attention Modules (CBAM) to enhance discriminative facial feature learning under degraded surveillance conditions. In addition, a multi-scale surveillance feature fusion strategy is introduced to preserve both local texture information and high-level semantic identity representations. A hybrid Softmax-Triplet optimization mechanism is further employed to improve inter-class separability and intra-class compactness for robust criminal identity discrimination. The proposed framework was experimentally evaluated using the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) and SCFace datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed AG-EfficientNet framework achieved superior surveillance recognition performance with an identification accuracy of 98.2%, Precision of 97.9%, Recall of 97.6%, F1-Score of 97.7%, and ROC-AUC of 0.99, outperforming conventional deep learning architectures including AlexNet, VGG16, ResNet50, MobileNetV2, and standard EfficientNet-B0. Furthermore, Grad-CAM visualization and ablation analysis confirm the effectiveness of the proposed attention-guided feature learning strategy.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.03073
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Aircraft Detection in Satellite Imagery using Deep Learning Object Detectors
2026-07-02 18:43:38Mujahir Hussain Abbasi (Department of Information Technology Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India), S. Beghin (Bose School of Computational,Physical Sciences Kristu Jayanti, Bengaluru, Karnataka), A. T. R. Krishna Priya (AB Technologies Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India), P. Jamuna (Department of Electrical,Electronics Engineering Nandha Engineering College, Erode, India), G. Anandhakumari (Department of Physics Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Perundurai, India), S. Jaanaa Rubavathy (Department of Electrical,Electronics Engineering Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai, India)Abstract
The object detection in satellite imagery has garnered considerable attention due to its extensive real-world applications and the inherent challenges it presents, including noise, fluctuating image quality, and intricate backgrounds. This paper proposed a framework for object detection that combines image enhancement and Deep Learning (DL) to make detection more accurate. First, a Gabor filter is used to process the input image to bring out important features and reduce noise. Then, normalization is applied to make sure that the data is evenly distributed so that the model works properly. After that, a model based on YOLOv11 is used to quickly learn and find object features. The proposed method achieves a mAP of 95%, precision of 97%, recall of 85%, and F1-score of 91%, which demonstrates the superior aircraft detection performance. These results show the framework accurately identify aircraft in satellite imagery and is suitable for real-time applications such as surveillance, air traffic monitoring and remote sensing analysis.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02699
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Real-Time Visual Intelligence on Low-Cost UAVs: A Modular Approach for Tracking, Scanning, and Navigation
2026-07-02 15:15:56Andrei-Marian Ungureanu, Stelian Sp\^inuAbstract
Autonomous drones are rapidly transforming modern warfare and civil applications alike. This paper presents the development of an integrated intelligent drone system designed to serve as a personal assistant. Leveraging the DJI Tello drone platform, we implemented a modular architecture that integrates three core artificial intelligence functionalities: facial detection, facial recognition, and depth estimation from monocular vision. A web-based interface enables seamless drone control and real-time video monitoring, while a Python-based server processes visual data and executes inference pipelines using lightweight neural models optimized for embedded systems. Unlike existing commercial solutions, this system emphasizes accessibility, low-cost hardware, and open-source technologies. The system demonstrates robust performance in real-world conditions, including person tracking, indoor scanning, and autonomous line following using virtual sensors. This project validates the applicability of advanced AI techniques in real-time robotic systems and illustrates the feasibility of deploying them on constrained hardware, providing a foundation for future research in autonomous UAVs for military, rescue, and surveillance missions.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02298
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Beyond the Performance Illusion: Structure-Aware Stratified Partitioning and Curriculum Distributionally Robust Optimization for Spatially Correlated Domains
2026-07-02 11:32:38Prathamesh Patil, Arpit Jain, Aswanth KrishnanAbstract
Performance evaluation in AI systems commonly assumes that random dataset splits produce independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) subsets. We show that this assumption often breaks down in spatiotemporally correlated domains such as aerial surveillance, precision agriculture, and medical imaging, leading to two systematic failures: data leakage, where correlated samples span training and validation splits and inflate performance estimates, and hidden stratification, where errors on minority subpopulations are obscured by aggregate metrics. To address these issues, we propose a unified evaluation and training framework for spatially correlated data. We introduce Structure-Aware Stratified Partitioning (SASP), which constructs validation splits that reduce spatiotemporal leakage while preserving meaningful class balance, and Curriculum Distributionally Robust Optimization (CDRO), a curriculum-based relaxation of distributionally robust training that stabilizes optimization under these stricter splits. Across multiple benchmarks, this combination yields consistently improved generalization, more reliable confidence calibration, and exposes failure modes that remain hidden under conventional random-split evaluation.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02055
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LongVQUBench: Benchmarking Long-Term Video Quality Understanding of Vision-Language Models
2026-07-01 15:40:42Arpita Nema, Hanwei Zhu, Xi Zhang, Weisi LinAbstract
The evaluation of long-term video quality understanding remains an open challenge for large vision-language models (LVLMs). Existing video quality benchmarks predominantly focus on short clips and isolated distortions, overlooking the temporal continuity, cumulative degradation, and reasoning complexity inherent in long-duration content. To address these limitations, we present LongVQUBench, a comprehensive benchmark for long-term video quality understanding. LongVQUBench contains over 1200 diverse videos spanning movies, documentaries, surveillance footage, egocentric recordings, and animated content, accompanied by 1500 multiple-choice and open-ended questions for validation and testing. To assess perceptual reasoning across different temporal scopes, we introduce three progressively complex evaluation levels: (i) local event quality understanding (LQU) for analyzing localized distortions; (ii) cross-event quality reasoning (CQR) for integrating multiple degraded events; and (iii) global quality understanding (GQU) for holistic perceptual evaluation over extended durations. Furthermore, a needle distortion question-answering (NDQA) paradigm is embedded across all three levels, where spatial or temporal artifacts are sparsely inserted to probe fine-grained detection and reasoning capabilities. Extensive experiments on 14 state-of-the-art LVLMs reveal significant performance degradation with increasing video length and reasoning depth, highlighting their limited capacity for long-range temporal integration and perceptual attribution. We envision LongVQUBench as a foundational step toward the systematic, hierarchical, and explainable evaluation of LVLMs' long-term video quality understanding.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.01086
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AMBUSH: Collaborative Capture in Complex Environments with Neural Acceleration
2026-07-01 14:59:28Junfeng Chen, YinHang Luo, Xinyi Wang, Junrui Li, Meng GuoAbstract
Collaborative capture of dynamic targets is common in nature as an essential strategy for weaker species against the strong. Similar concepts have shown to be useful for numerous robotic applications, such as security and surveillance, search and rescue. However, most existing works focus on analytical and geometric solutions or end-to-end reinforcement learning methods, which are largely constrained to obstacle-free environments or scenarios with sparse, regularly distributed obstacles. This work tackles the problem from a unique perspective: the renowned strategy of``ambush'' alone would suffice for multiple slower pursuers to capture one faster evader with different levels of intelligence efficiently in complex environments. A parameterized strategy of ambush (including discrete and continuous parameters) is designed first, which takes into account the topological properties of the workspace, the truncated line-of-sight visibility, the relative speed ratio and the limited capture range. Then, a Hybrid Monte Carlo Tree Search (H-MCTS) algorithm is proposed to optimize the associated parameters through long-term planning, enabling the identification of highly promising parameters for future capture. Lastly, the neural acceleration is trained offline to learn the ranking of different choices of parameters across various environments, and to directly predict scores, replacing the rollout process in H-MCTS. The neural acceleration is adopted during online H-MCTS to accelerate the planning procedure while guaranteeing the planning quality. Its efficiency and effectiveness are validated in extensive simulations and hardware experiments, against evaders with different capabilities and intelligence levels, including two-times higher velocity and human-controlled behavior.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.01029
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Partial Skeleton Visibility for Action Recognition: A Constrained Field-of-View Approach
2026-07-01 10:03:11Yingjie Dai, Tianyang Xu, Yanglin Deng, Xiao-Jun Wu, Josef KittlerAbstract
Skeleton-based action recognition has achieved remarkable success by exploiting joint coordinates and their topological connections, yet prevailing methods overwhelmingly assume complete and clean skeleton inputs. In real-world deployments, such as egocentric vision, crowded surveillance, wearable devices, or edge robotics, limited field-of-view (FoV) frequently causes substantial joint visibility dropout, leading to severe performance degradation that existing models are largely unprepared to handle. To bridge this critical yet underexplored gap, we introduce PartialVisGraph, a novel hypergraph framework tailored for robust skeleton action recognition under constrained FoV. We first construct highly expressive hypergraphs by introducing learnable virtual hyperedges that form a soft incidence matrix, capturing flexible high-order dependencies beyond conventional pairwise graphs. We then propose the Single-Head Sample-Adaptive Transformer, which adaptively aggregates joint features onto hyperedges while explicitly incorporating a visibility prior. This prior selectively gates information flow, preventing occluded or out-of-view joints from corrupting reliable feature propagation. We further establish rigorous evaluation protocols with realistic FoV simulation benchmarks on NTU RGB+D 60 and 120. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PartialVisGraph consistently achieves state-of-the-art accuracy under partial visibility, with gains of up to 68.8\% on subsets with severe FoV restrictions compared to recent strong baselines, while remaining superior on full-visibility settings. Our approach offers a principled and practical pathway toward deployable skeleton-based action understanding in unconstrained environments.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.00716
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Real-Time Source-Free Object Detection
2026-06-30 15:38:56Sairam VCR, Varun Gopal, Poornima Jain, Vineeth N Balasubramanian, Muhammad Haris KhanAbstract
Real-world detectors for autonomous driving, surveillance, and robotics must handle domain-shifts under strict latency and memory constraints, yet existing source-free object detection (SFOD) methods rely on heavyweight architectures that prioritize accuracy alone. We show this trade-off is unnecessary: building on YOLOv10, an NMS-free dual-head detector, we achieve state-of-the-art adaptation accuracy while being faster and more compact. We observe that directly applying vanilla mean-teacher self-training to dual-head detectors leads to suboptimal adaptation performance due to two key factors. First, simple pseudo-label generation strategies, such as using a single head or directly combining high-confidence predictions from both heads, yield suboptimal supervision under domain-shift. We propose DHF (Dual-Head Pseudo-Label Fusion) which selectively admits one-to-one (O2O) and one-to-many (O2M) head predictions, preserving precision and recovering missed objects. Second, we observe domain-shift collapses multi-scale feature discriminability. We propose the use of our MARD (Multi-scale Adaptive Representation Diversification) loss which mitigates this by enforcing detection-aware variance and covariance constraints on multi-scale feature maps. Both modules are training-time only, leaving inference unchanged. Across domain-shift benchmarks, our method, RT-SFOD yields 1.4 to 3.5\% mAP gains, 1.3$\times$ higher throughput, with $\sim$2$\times$ fewer parameters than prior state-of-the-art SFOD methods, thus advancing the Pareto frontier of the speed-accuracy-model size trade-off. We report main results with YOLOv10, and demonstrate generalizability with additional YOLO- and DETR-based dual-head detectors. Code is available here: this https URL
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31834
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Cross-Resolution Semantic Transfer for Robust Text-to-Image Retrieval in Low-Resolution Surveillance
2026-06-29 15:24:03Wenjie Qian, Bin Yang, Xiao Wang, Wenke Huang, Ling Mei, Xin Xu, Mang YeAbstract
Text-to-image person re-identification (TIPR) retrieves target persons using natural language descriptions. However, existing methods largely overlook resolution variance in real-world surveillance. They characterize cross-resolution TIPR through two coupled failure modes: Evidence Reliability Collapse (ERC), where degraded visual tokens become unreliable for grounding fine-grained text, and Ranking Distribution Drift (RDD), where mixed-resolution galleries distort similarity neighborhoods and destabilize retrieval rankings. To address this challenge, we propose Cross-Resolution Semantic Transfer (CRST), a CLIP-style framework with three modules: resolution-conditioned reasoning, text-guided refinement and CR-RDA. Resolution-conditioned reasoning estimates token reliability to suppress corrupted evidence. Text-guided refinement injects semantic priors to recover discriminative cues. CR-RDA transfers HR neighborhood geometry to stabilize LR ranking under mixed resolutions. Experiments on CUHK-PEDES, ICFG-PEDES, and RSTPReid show that CRST improves ultra-low-resolution Rank-1 and mAP on average by 5.7% and 5.3%, while stabilizing mixed-resolution retrieval without sacrificing high-resolution this http URL code will be made publicly available.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.30458
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Bridging the Gap Between Image Restoration and Navigational Safety in Hazy Conditions: A New Visibility Estimation Metric for Maritime Surveillance
2026-06-29 09:42:25Wentao Feng, Guobei Peng, Wengang Mao, Ryan Wen LiuAbstract
Visibility distance is critical to maritime navigational safety because it determines the effective observation range of shipborne and shore-based monitoring systems. Under hazy conditions, degraded visual information shortens observable distance and increases navigational risks and economic losses. Although numerous image dehazing methods have been developed, conventional image quality assessment metrics, such as PSNR, SSIM, FSIM, FADE, and NIQE, cannot establish a physically interpretable relationship between restoration quality and practical visibility thresholds. To address this limitation, this work proposes a visibility-oriented evaluation framework that links dehazing performance with visible-distance estimation. First, a Maritime Simulated Visibility Dataset (MSVD) is constructed using Unity3D to simulate maritime traffic scenes under graded visibility conditions. The dataset provides paired hazy and clear images with precise visibility annotations, enabling quantitative analysis of visibility restoration. Second, a dehazing visibility evaluation metric is developed by using object detection accuracy as an intermediate indicator. By establishing a mapping between visibility distance and detection performance, the proposed metric converts image restoration improvements into measurable visibility gains. Six representative dehazing methods are evaluated using both conventional image quality metrics and the proposed visibility metric. Experimental results under different imaging conditions demonstrate that MSVD provides a reliable benchmark for evaluating dehazing performance across graded visibility levels, while the proposed metric enables interpretable and reliable visible-distance estimation, thereby supporting the assessment of navigational safety and operational efficiency.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.30049
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Benchmark AUC Is Not Deployable Reliability: A Cross-Dataset Audit of Off-the-Shelf Features for Surveillance Video Anomaly Detection
2026-06-28 17:08:02Mohammadreza RashidiAbstract
Automated "suspicious behavior" flagging is a headline promise of AI surveillance, and the field reports high frame-level ROC-AUC on standard video anomaly detection benchmarks. Those numbers are measured by training and testing on the same camera and scene. We audit what happens when that assumption is dropped. We build an unsupervised normality model from the all-normal training frames of one dataset, using frozen off-the-shelf embeddings (CLIP, DINOv2, ResNet-50, EfficientNet-B0) and a nearest-neighbour distance, and score the test frames of the same and of other datasets. Across 4 real datasets (UCSD Ped1, UCSD Ped2, CUHK Avenue, ShanghaiTech) and 4 backbones, same-dataset AUC averages 0.704 but cross-dataset AUC averages 0.499, which is chance: a detector calibrated on one scene is no better than a coin flip on another, and in several pairs it is below chance. The strongest backbone makes this worse, not better: DINOv2 has the best same-dataset AUC (up to 0.901 on Ped2) and the largest cross-dataset drop. The collapse is not an artefact of the scoring rule: replacing the nearest-neighbour detector with a PaDiM-style Mahalanobis detector reproduces it almost exactly (cross-dataset gap 0.202 versus 0.208). Even at a favourable operating point the false-alarm rate is on the order of 31,931 per hour. We conclude that the benchmark numbers quoted for surveillance anomaly detection describe a calibrated laboratory setting and overstate deployable reliability by a wide margin, and we release the code that reproduces every number.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.29506
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Empirical Evaluation of Multi-Modal Touch Detection in Over-the-Shoulder Video Surveillance
2026-06-28 17:05:56Mohammadreza RashidiAbstract
Video Intelligence Surveillance (VIDINT) on over-the-shoulder footage is a proposed vector for monitoring human-computer interaction patterns without direct screen recording access. In this paper, we evaluate a Behavioral Intelligence (BEHINT) touch-detection framework designed to reconstruct keystroke events on mobile keypad interfaces from physical finger interactions. Our system integrates four parallel detection modalities: (1) anatomical hand landmarks via MediaPipe, (2) HSV skin color filtering, (3) temporal frame differencing for motion detection, and (4) shape-guided Canny edge analysis. We map relative touch coordinates to a reference screen layout to reconstruct typing sequences. Evaluation on a 120-frame first-person staged video of passcode entry reveals that while MediaPipe and Skin Detection fail to run autonomously due to partial hand occlusion and ambient noise, Motion-Only and Edge-Only configurations achieve F1-scores of 18.5% and 18.2%, respectively. The combined multi-modal configuration achieves an F1-score of 16.7% and a sequence similarity of 3.0% when mapped to the iOS passcode layout. We conduct ablation, resolution decay, noise sensitivity, and proximity threshold tuning to characterize the system's operational envelope. We then audit generalization on 5 real, publicly licensed third-person phone videos and find that the detector emits a median of 57 touch points per frame (peaking at 205), one to three orders of magnitude more than the rate of real taps, because the skin filter responds to the whole hand rather than to fingertip contact. The staged keystroke result does not survive contact with uncontrolled footage; the system does not achieve reliable keystroke reconstruction outside the calibrated staged setting.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.29504
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Bit-ViP: Leveraging Bit-planes to Preserve Visual Privacy in Images through Obfuscation
2026-06-28 14:28:43Vishesh Kumar Tanwar, Ashish Gupta, Sanjay Madria, Sajal K. DasAbstract
The unprecedented growth of computer vision applications, such as surveillance systems and social media, raises security and visual privacy concerns, especially when data is stored on cloud servers. Image obfuscation offers a way to preserve visual privacy while maintaining an adequate level of usability; thus, it has been a topic of great interest in recent years. However, prior obfuscation schemes are either vulnerable to malicious attacks, such as model inversion to reconstruct original images from obfuscated images, or generate non-trainable obfuscated images, making them unusable for achieving reasonable accuracy. This paper proposes a novel bit-plane-based image obfuscation scheme, {\em Bit-ViP}, to preserve visual privacy for image-based recognition tasks. The Bit-ViP scheme produces secure, usable images by incorporating an innovative end-to-end obfuscation function. While doing so, the obfuscated image would contain non-invertible noise (generated by Lorenz's chaotic system and differential privacy), making it hard for an adversary to reconstruct the original image. We conduct extensive experiments on two popular activity recognition datasets, namely UCF101 and HMDB51, to validate the effectiveness of Bit-ViP. In the face of attacks on reconstruction, pixel frequency, information entropy, and pixel inter-correlation, we present a rigorous security analysis demonstrating tangible improvements over existing schemes.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.29417
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