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Toward Anthropomorphic Dialogue: A Closed-Loop Framework for Human-Like Chat Generation, Evaluation, and Preference Alignment
2026-07-19 11:06:40Wentao Liu, Siyu Song, Xi Chen, Youjia Li, Xiaokun Wang, Min Ji, Ji WangAbstract
Human-like private chat requires more than fluent response generation: a system must preserve persona, relationship, memory, bounded knowledge, medium-specific timing, and a coherent multi-turn arc. We present AnthroDial, a closed-loop framework that formulates anthropomorphic dialogue as a joint problem of system architecture, executable evaluation, and diagnostic alignment. It combines (1) a role-conditioned scheduled dialogue runtime with persona and scenario cards, long-term memory, virtual time, and single-draft message decisions; (2) an executable benchmark with an L0 validity gate, five per-turn dimensions, and five dialogue-level dimensions; and (3) a post-training pipeline that filters 16,436 scheduled-decision examples for SFT and applies GRPO with a cognitive-diagnostic, ZPD-aware reward. The reward maintains Kalman-filtered capability estimates for each behavioral dimension, upweights dimensions with larger capability deficits, and uses rollout scores as task-level ZPD matches to focus optimization on learnable weak skills. On a benchmark with 55 personas, 50 scenarios, 50 persona-scenario bindings, and 100 role-conditioned cases per model, we evaluate 16 systems spanning frontier baselines, open models, thinking/no-think variants, and SFT/RL ablations. The strongest non-trained baseline reaches 32.00% strict ACC, while Qwen3.6-27B-SFT+RL reaches 39.00% strict ACC and a 98.5 overall score. In the 9B no-think setting, SFT and RL improve strict ACC from 0.00% to 13.00% and 18.37%. These results show that anthropomorphic dialogue benefits when generation, evaluation, and reward shaping share the same behavioral dimensions.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.17191
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DS@GT ARC at eRisk 2026: Hybrid Multi-Agent LLM System with Structured Algorithmic Guidance for Conversational Depression Screening
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We describe DS@GT's submission to the eRisk 2026 Task 1 challenge on conversational depression screening, in which systems interview LLM personas that simulate individuals with varying depression profiles and produce a Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) score plus four key symptoms per persona, without directly asking sensitive mental health questions. Our pipeline evolved through three stages: a monolithic single-model prototype to start off, a baseline multi-agent architecture that separates conversational interviewing from BDI-II scoring under a coordinating orchestration layer, and a final hybrid configuration that replaces the paid GPT-5-nano interviewer with the open-source Gemma 27B. To offset the model's weaker reasoning and instruction-following, the hybrid adds three algorithmic components: a precomputed dialogue tree that standardizes interview openers and follow-ups, a reliability-weighted consensus aggregation inspired by the Weaver framework, and a cluster-based imputation step for unprobed symptoms. We submitted three fully automated runs across all 20 personas, with Run 1 from the paid baseline and Runs 2 and 3 from the hybrid. Hybrid Run 3 achieved an ADODL of 0.9063, ranking 3rd among all complete-submission runs and placing DS@GT 2nd among the 21 teams overall, while outperforming our paid baseline Run 1 (0.8841) at roughly one-quarter of the per-persona API cost. These results support our central hypothesis that with sufficient algorithmic supervision, a weaker open-source model can compete with a stronger proprietary model in the conversational interviewer role. Our source code is available at this https URL.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.16712
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Vision-Language Assistant for Emotional Reactions to Risky Driving
2026-07-17 17:57:27Harine Choi, Eun Hak Lee, Zhengzhong TuAbstract
This study introduces a vision-language pipeline that detects risky driving behaviors and generates emotionally expressive responses to support driver awareness and comfort. Although vision-language models have advanced perception and reasoning in autonomous driving, existing systems rarely consider the emotional dimension or real-world user experience. Keep Yelling Assistant (KYA) detects high-risk driving maneuvers in real time, such as sudden cut-ins. It then produces emotional responses through a large language model tailored to driver preferences. The framework comprises two core modules. The vision module uses YOLOv8 variants to detect nearby vehicles and identify risky behaviors such as sudden cut-ins. Key driving metrics, including relative distance, speed, and projected reach time, are extracted and normalized to produce a structured behavior log. The language module processes this log with user-defined emotional tone settings, such as neutral, humorous, and analytical, and generates verbal reactions using state-of-the-art large language models, including ChatGPT-4o, Claude 3, Gemini 2.5, and Copilot. We evaluated the proposed system using dashcam videos containing risky driving behaviors and a user study involving 108 participants. Participants selected preferred response styles, and the large language models were evaluated based on emotional alignment. All models received favorable ratings, although preferences varied across personas. Notably, the combination of YOLOv8s and ChatGPT-4o achieved the highest score of 4.29 out of 5.00. By integrating real-world perception with emotionally adaptive dialogue, KYA introduces a new paradigm for emotionally intelligent in-vehicle artificial intelligence. It offers promising directions for improving safety, trust, and emotional well-being in both conventional and autonomous vehicles.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.16181
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The Limits of BPE Tokenization in Polish: Segmentation-Flexional Forms, Grammatical Anchoring, and First-Person Stability in Inflectional Language Models
2026-07-17 17:51:52Elzbieta Dawidek (University of Lower Silesia DSW Ideis)Abstract
This article analyzes BPE tokenization in Polish as a test case for the limits of statistical segmentation in an inflectional language. It asks whether frequency-based tokenization preserves linguistically relevant units, including orthographic form, phonemic and syllabic segmentation, derivational structure, inflectional endings, grammatical form, and the speaking subject. The material includes diagnostic words, a children's text, selected forms from the Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, word-family tests, and examples with Polish diacritics and nasal vowels. BPE tokenizers may produce segments that coincide with syllabic or morphologically interpretable divisions, but remain dependent on the frequency of written forms. They do not systematically map orthographic representation onto phonemic structure or context-dependent phonetic realization. The results show that BPE stabilizes frequent surface fragments of grammatical exponents rather than grammatical categories themselves. A form such as ustanawiamy is not merely a sequence ending in -y, but a verbal form anchored in conjugation, person, number, tense, mood, and aspect. The article develops the concept of grammatical form anchoring. In Polish, forms such as poszlam, zrobilam, or bylam can establish the position of the speaking subject without an explicit pronoun. In interaction with AI, this exposes a further problem: a language model does not possess a stable grammatical "I", but reconstructs it contextually and may mirror the user's forms or shift grammatical gender. Roclawski's segmentation-flexional forms are proposed as a diagnostic framework for evaluating tokenization boundaries. More stable modeling of Polish may require sublexical stabilization, anchoring grammatical form in the inflectional system, representing sentence patterns and verbal valency, and maintaining the grammatical "I" in dialogue.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.17553
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Candidate Attended Dialogue State Tracking Using BERT
2026-07-17 14:56:55Junyuan Zheng, Onkar Salvi, John ChanAbstract
Dialogue state tracking (DST) is one of the core components in task-oriented dialogue systems. At each turn in a conversation, DST estimates the user belief or dialogue state, which is used as input for downstream modules to predict system actions and generate responses. The increasingly popular dialogue system applications like Google Assistant, Siri and Alexa need to support a large number of services and APIs, resulting in growing attention to the scalability of such systems. Especially for some domains with little or no training data, the capability of transferring existing knowledge of other domains is highly desired. In this paper, we present a novel scalable framework for multi-domain dialogue state tracking. The proposed system leverages the pretrained BERT model to achieve zero-shot generalization, making it easy to quickly adapt to new domains without additional training. The performance of our model is evaluated on recently released schema-based dialogue (SGD) dataset, showing significant improvement compared to previous baseline.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.16021
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LazyMem: Retrieve Broadly, Construct Selectively for Efficient Long-Term Agent Memory
2026-07-17 12:49:57Jing Yu, Yibo Zhao, Jiaming Zhang, Xiang LiAbstract
Long-term memory lets LLM agents reuse past interactions, but raw dialogue histories are verbose and information-sparse. Retrieving broadly improves evidence coverage yet overwhelms downstream reasoning with noise; compressing at write time reduces noise but irreversibly discards details the future query may need. We introduce LazyMem, which sidesteps this dilemma by deferring all memory construction to query time. A lightweight 4B model processes the retrieved candidate pool in overlapping parallel windows, selectively retaining and compressing only query-relevant content. The model is trained through supervised fine-tuning followed by group-based reinforcement learning with a format-gated composite reward that combines a rule-based action signal measuring selection accuracy with an LLM-judged quality signal measuring source faithfulness and query utility. On the LongMemEval benchmark, LazyMem-4B achieves an LLM-judge accuracy of 0.85 with only 213 memory tokens, 68.7$\times$ fewer than retrieval-only, and generalizes to LoCoMo (0.68) without target-domain training, while reducing mean latency over the prior query-time baseline. The 32B variant reaches 0.93, surpassing oracle-context references on aggregation-heavy question types. The code associated with this work is publicly available at this https URL.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.22690
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AuEmoChat: Authentic Emotion Understanding and Rendering for Conversational Speech Synthesis
2026-07-17 08:47:58Zhenqi Jia, Yuan Zhao, Aruukhan, Rui Liu, Haizhou LiAbstract
Conversational Speech Synthesis (CSS) aims to synthesize speech with human-like emotional expression and contextual consistency in user-agent interactions. Existing CSS methods struggle to render authentic human emotions due to limited predefined emotion label spaces (e.g., seven emotion categories), while redundant multimodal tokens in multi-turn dialogue history interfere with context understanding. To address these issues, we propose AuEmoChat, a CSS framework for authentic emotion understanding and rendering. First, we develop AuEmoCodec, which learns a discrete authentic emotion token space from large-scale emotional speech via finite scalar quantization, enabling a more authentic emotion representation than limited basic emotion categories. We further propose AuEmoToMe, an authentic-emotion-guided token merging algorithm that merges redundant tokens in multimodal dialogue history while preserving emotion-relevant context. We integrate it into an autoregressive text-speech model to predict the target authentic emotion token and speech tokens. Finally, we propose Authentic Emotion Flow Matching, which renders speech by jointly conditioning on merged dialogue context, target authentic emotion, and acoustic priors. Extensive experiments on the NCSSD-EmCap dataset demonstrate that AuEmoChat outperforms state-of-the-art CSS baselines and generates more expressive and authentic emotional speech.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15755
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Clarify Before Executing: A Self-Evolving Agent for Resolving Intent Asymmetry in 3D Tool Orchestration
2026-07-17 07:10:46Xiaoye Zhu, Weixin Li, Junan Huo, Bozhong Wang, Jia Zeng, Yi Yang, Cen Chen, Qi LiuAbstract
A fundamental intent asymmetry plagues modern 3D asset creation: while state-of-the-art 3D toolchains demand precise, executable parameters, ordinary users typically provide vague, underspecified instructions. Current 3D agents treat this ambiguity as noise, defaulting to blind execution under a single-turn assumption. To address this limitation, we introduce CLARE, a clarification-aware and evolutionary 3D agent that treats intent asymmetry not as an execution error, but as an opportunity for strategic dialogue. By decoupling the generation pipeline into four specialized cognitive roles, CLARE intercepts and resolves underspecified instructions before invoking computationally expensive 3D tools to seamlessly execute tasks across five diverse domains: text-to-3D generation, single-view reconstruction, multi-view reconstruction, point cloud editing, and post-processing. Crucially, rather than relying on rigid manual rules, CLARE self-evolves its clarification policy via simulated multi-turn interactions. By optimizing a Multi-turn Reward, the agent internalizes the delicate balance between interaction efficiency and task completion. To rigorously test this, we construct 3D-Clarify, a comprehensive benchmark comprising 620 interaction scenarios with systematically injected ambiguity, missing information, and mistaken details. CLARE achieves state-of-the-art performance, with 60.40% and 43.34% success rates on single-step and multi-step tasks, respectively, more than doubling existing baselines. Both quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that proactive clarification is the missing key to robust 3D execution. Code is available at this https URL.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.16352
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On the Structure of Address in Multi-Party Dialogue: From Discrete Labels to Continuous Levels
2026-07-17 05:45:58Taiga Mori, Koji Inoue, Divesh Lala, Tatsuya KawaharaAbstract
In multi-party dialogues between a dialogue system and multiple users, identifying to whom an utterance is addressed is a key challenge. Prior work has typically treated addressee detection as a multi-class classification task, selecting a single label representing an individual participant or the group. This formulation assumes that address is inherently discrete and has primarily been used for predicting turn-taking. In this paper, we revisit this assumption by analyzing address as a continuous phenomenon. Using a multi-party human dialogue corpus annotated by multiple annotators, we construct both binary address labels derived from majority-vote addressee labels and continuous address levels inferred from annotator judgments using a latent-variable model. We then examine how these representations relate to turn-taking as well as listener behaviors, including gaze and backchannels. Our results show that, in addition to turn-taking, both gaze and backchannels are associated with address. Furthermore, models using continuous address levels achieve better predictive fit than those using discrete labels, suggesting that address may exhibit graded structure. Finally, we discuss the future directions of addressee detection research based on the findings of this study.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15648
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MM-IssueLoc: A Controlled Benchmark for Evaluating Visual Evidence in Multimodal Repository-Level Issue Localization
2026-07-16 17:02:25Shaoxiong Zhan, Shi Hu, Boyu Feng, Hai Lin, Andrew Gong, Zhengda Zhou, Jiaying Zhou, Yunyun Hou, Hao Su, Hai-Tao ZhengAbstract
Real repository issues routinely include visual evidence such as screenshots, error dialogs, rendered UI states, and logs, yet repository-level issue localization is evaluated mostly as a text-only task. Existing multimodal SE benchmarks evaluate end-to-end repair, entangling localization with patch synthesis and obscuring whether visual input helped, hurt, or was ignored. We introduce \textbf{MM-IssueLoc}, a controlled benchmark and evaluation protocol for repository-level localization with visual evidence. MM-IssueLoc contains 652 issue-PR instances across 23 languages, with annotations for 7 image categories and 4 relevance levels. It provides file-level and function-level gold labels, paired text-only and with-image evaluation, and VCE-based diagnostics that convert images into structured textual evidence. We evaluate LLM-based and retrieval-based systems, including MM-IssueLoc-VL-Emb as a controlled multimodal retriever. Results show that existing systems remain far from reliable multimodal repository localization: the strongest agent reaches 38.96 file Acc@5 and 22.45 function Acc@10, while the strongest retriever reaches 33.86 function Acc@10. Cross-benchmark comparisons show that high localization scores on text-dominant SWE benchmarks do not transfer cleanly to multimodal issue localization. MM-IssueLoc turns visual evidence into an explicit evaluation variable, enabling future work to test whether systems improve by using visual evidence for localization, rather than by relying on text-only cues or downstream patch-generation effects.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15205
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Plover: Steering GUI Agents through Plan-Centric Interaction
2026-07-16 16:48:39Madhumitha Venkatesan, Shicheng Wen, Jiajing Guo, Jorge Piazentin Ono, Liu Ren, Dongyu LiuAbstract
Graphical user interface (GUI) automation remains challenging in real-world environments, where dynamic layouts, unexpected dialogs, and evolving interface states can cause autonomous agents to drift from user intent. Recent vision-based multimodal agents improve flexibility by operating directly over screenshots and natural language instructions, but planning and adaptation often remain internal, limiting users' ability to inspect, supervise, or correct system behavior. We present Plover, a plan-centric vision-based GUI automation system that externalizes task plans and replanning as persistent, inspectable, and revisable artifacts. Through a planner--executor architecture, Plover supports explicit supervision of evolving execution, localized correction through editable plans, natural-language guidance, and screenshot-grounded interventions, while preserving prior progress during repair. A formative study with six participants informed the interaction design. We then evaluate Plover through benchmark failure-case repair and scenario-based workflow analyses. Our results show that many autonomous GUI-agent failures are structurally repairable when plans remain visible and interventions are localized, and that explicit replanning helps make GUI automation more transparent, controllable, and adaptable.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15193
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RW-Voice-EQ Bench: A Real World Benchmark for Evaluating Voice AI Systems
2026-07-16 11:15:16David Ayllon, Alice Baird, Jeffrey Brooks, Franc Camps-Febrer, Jakub Piotr C{\l}apa, Theo Lebryk, Jens Madsen, Olya Ossipova, Sharath Rao, Hoon Shin, Tigran Soghbatyan, Georg Streich, Rashish Tandon, Panagiotis TzirakisAbstract
Current voice AI benchmarks typically evaluate isolated capabilities such as speech intelligibility, word error rate, or text-based dialogue quality, but they rarely test whether systems harness the acoustic information that distinguishes spoken language from its textual representation. To this end, we introduce the Real World Voice EQ Bench, a multidimensional benchmark for evaluating voice AI across text-to-speech (TTS), speech-to-speech (STS), speech understanding (SU), and automatic speech recognition (ASR). Our evaluations indicate that performance is highly dimension-specific. For TTS, naturalness, expressiveness, identity stability, and reliability are largely independent evaluation dimensions. For STS, access to audio does not guarantee use of vocal affect, and some agents remain largely transcript-driven. For SU, models perform unevenly across paralinguistic tasks. For ASR, real world accent, emotion, noise, and conversational conditions expose failures that are not captured by established clean-speech benchmarks. Together, these results show that voice AI should be evaluated as a profile of acoustic, expressive, interactional, and robustness capabilities rather than by a single aggregate score.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14846
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Dialogue Summarization with Emotion Dynamics Using Topic- and Participant-Centric Decomposition
2026-07-16 09:53:00Linyun Xiang, Mark Neerincx, Stephanie TanAbstract
Existing text summarization research has focused much on monologic information (e.g., newspaper articles, reports) without accounting for the interaction between speakers or authors. In contrast, dialogues are a rich communication channel where multiple participants conduct back and forth exchanges to construct meaning. We propose a dialogue summarization framework that explicitly models both semantic and emotion dynamics using multimodal dialogue inputs, built on an adapted hierarchical Chain-of-Agents approach. We decompose dialogues from two perspectives: (1) topic segments based on the utterances of all participants, and (2) participant-specific utterance segments. These are used to generate corresponding summaries while incorporating automatically inferred emotions. Topic- and participant-level summaries are aggregated into a dialogue summary capturing semantic content and emotion trajectories. To evaluate beyond content accuracy, we introduce emotion trajectory metrics measuring how well summaries preserve emotional flow. Experiments with small language models on multimodal dialogue datasets show that our framework produces summaries with both semantic and emotion content. Further experiments on explicit emotion label availability highlight the efficacy of our proposed methodology and the opportunities in dialogue analysis using language models.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14769
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InCarEmo: A Multimodal Dataset for In-Cabin Emotion Recognition and Driver State Monitoring
2026-07-16 07:44:42Hao Yang, Yanyan Zhao, Kewei Zhao, Hongbo Zhang, Tian Zheng, Yusheng Liu, Xing Fu, Bichen Wang, Yu Zhang, Hao He, Zhen Wu, Xuda Zhi, Yongbo Huang, Bing QinAbstract
Understanding driver emotion and state is critical for the next generation of intelligent in-cabin systems that ensure safety and enhance human-vehicle interaction. However, existing public datasets for in-cabin affective computing are largely limited to visual modalities and rarely include conversational information, making it difficult to capture the linguistic and interactive cues underlying driver emotion. To address these gaps, we introduce InCarEmo, a multimodal dataset for in-cabin emotion recognition and driver state monitoring. InCarEmo integrates RGB and infrared video, in-cabin audio, and dialogue text collected from scripted in-cabin scenarios designed to simulate realistic driver behaviors, covering diverse lighting conditions and driving contexts. The dataset supports three primary tasks: 1) multimodal emotion recognition, 2) fatigue detection, and 3) distraction monitoring. In addition to the original Chinese data, we construct an auxiliary English benchmark to support preliminary cross-lingual evaluation. We provide a unified benchmark with extensive baseline results across unimodal and multimodal methods, including analyses under modality-missing and noise conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the benefits of multimodal fusion and reveal remaining challenges under real-world noise and low-light conditions. By releasing InCarEmo, we aim to establish a comprehensive foundation for robust, interpretable, and human-centric in-cabin affective understanding, promoting safer and more empathetic driver-vehicle interaction.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14683
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Penny: Transition Network Analysis of Learner-Chatbot Interactions in Scaffolded EFL Writing
2026-07-16 05:12:42Steve Woollaston, Brendan Flanagan, Yuko Toyokawa, Hiroaki OgataAbstract
Generative AI chatbots promise to transform English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing by providing immediate, personalised feedback. However, their pedagogical value depends on how learners engage with them - a process often treated as a "black box." This study uses Transition Network Analysis to model the temporal dynamics of Japanese EFL learners using "Penny," an LLM-powered writing chatbot. Analysis of over 4,500 writing sessions and 21,000 chatbot interactions reveals two dominant behavioural loops: a "Revision Loop," where feedback leads directly to successful error correction, and a "Chat Loop," where learners engage in sustained dialogue with the chatbot following feedback. Crucially, EFL proficiency significantly shapes interaction: high-proficiency learners engage more in open dialogue and negotiation with the chatbot, while low-proficiency learners rely more heavily on repetitive corrective feedback cycles. The findings demonstrate that AI-scaffolded writing is a non-linear, dialogic process and highlight the need for differentiated chatbot design to move beyond simple error correction and foster deeper cognitive engagement for all learners.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14575
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From Stateless to Situated: Building a Psychological World for LLM-Based Agents
2026-07-16 03:35:38Boning Zhao, Yutong Hu, Xinnuo LiAbstract
In psychological support and emotional companionship scenarios, the core limitation of large language models (LLMs) lies not merely in response quality, but in their reliance on local next-token prediction, which prevents them from maintaining the temporal continuity, stage awareness, and user consent boundaries required for multi-turn intervention. This stateless characteristic makes systems prone to premature advancement, stage misalignment, and boundary violations in continuous dialogue. To address this problem, we argue that the key challenge in process-oriented emotional support is not simply generating natural language, but constructing a sustainably updatable external situational structure for the model. We therefore propose LEKIA 2.0, a situated LLM architecture that separates the cognitive layer from the executive layer, thereby decoupling situational modeling from intervention execution. This design enables the system to maintain stable representations of the user's situation and consent boundaries throughout ongoing interaction. To evaluate this process-control capability, we further introduce a Static-to-Dynamic online evaluation protocol for multi-turn interaction. LEKIA achieved an average absolute improvement of approximately 31% over prompt-only baselines in deep intervention loop completion. The results suggest that an external situational structure is a key enabling condition for building stable, controllable, and situated emotional support systems.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25031
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Contextualized Evaluation of Vision Language Models through Dynamic, Multi-turn Interactions
2026-07-16 02:25:03Yijiang Li, Huiqi Zou, Bingyang Wang, Ziang XiaoAbstract
Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have made substantial advances on benchmarks, yet their real-world effectiveness remains uncertain. This gap stems from the fundamental misalignment between benchmarks in controlled, static settings and the dynamic, interactive, and contextualized nature of real-world applications. To bridge this gap, we propose CEDI (Contextualized Evaluations of MLLMs through Dynamic, multi-round Interactions), a framework that recasts evaluation as a three-party interaction between an evaluatee model, an automated examiner, and a grader. The examiner conducts multi-turn, semi-structured conversation guided by a graph-based representation of the task. By navigating state-space transitions, CEDI deploys diverse strategies, from clarification requests to adversarial probes, to elicit performance evidence. We apply CEDI to visual hallucinations. Empirical results across multiple models, diverse settings, datasets, and domains show that contextualized, interactive evaluations reveal not only significantly more hallucinations than conventional static evaluation but also ones that more closely resemble those arising in practical use cases. We further show that hallucinations often accumulate over long contexts, through self-reinforcing dialogue history, and models are particularly vulnerable to questions requiring premise rejection or refusal. Together, these findings highlight CEDI as a step toward realistic, systematic, and ecologically valid assessments of MLLMs' capabilities. Code is available at this http URL.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14499
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Do Social Patterns Hold in Synthetic Data? Analyzing Cyberbullying Dynamics in LLM-Generated and Authentic Dialogues
2026-07-15 20:28:58Arefeh Kazemi, Hamza Qadeer, Sinan Asci, Joachim Wagner, Brian DavisAbstract
Cyberbullying (CB) is a complex social phenomenon characterized by repeated aggression, power imbalance, and multi-party interaction. Although large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic CB conversations for data augmentation and benchmarking, it remains unclear whether such data faithfully reproduces the social dynamics of authentic interactions beyond supporting downstream task performance. We present a comprehensive framework for evaluating the social realism of LLM-generated CB conversations. We compare authentic and synthetic dialogues generated by GPT, Grok, and LLaMA across interactional structure (turn-taking, power dynamics, and repair behavior), linguistic and stylistic realism (pronoun usage and humor), affective and behavioral markers (CB types, profanity, and toxicity), and temporal escalation dynamics. We further complement automatic analyses with a human evaluation of cyberbullying presence, scenario relevance, role plausibility, and social realism. Our results show that LLM-generated data consistently preserves high-level interactional structure, including role participation patterns, directional power asymmetry, and broad distributions of behavioral markers. However, all models systematically distort finer-grained social phenomena, including behavioral magnitude, role-specific allocation, categorical distributions, and temporal dynamics. These distortions are strongly model-dependent: GPT suppresses harmful content, Grok amplifies aggressive behaviors, and LLaMA provides the most balanced approximation while smoothing role distinctions. Our findings show that synthetic CB data is useful for modeling global interactional structure but remains an imperfect substitute for authentic conversations when behavioral realism and social dynamics are essential.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.17549
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Measuring How Students Rely on Generative AI in Academic Writing: Development and Multi-Source Validation of the Generative AI Reliance Types Scale
2026-07-15 19:04:11Shahin Hossain, Tukhbita Afroz NawmiAbstract
As generative AI (GenAI) becomes increasingly embedded in undergraduate academic writing, how students rely on these tools, rather than simply whether they use them, has become a central question for learning, academic integrity, and educational equity. Existing measures of reliance were developed inductively, focused on discrete problem-solving tasks, and validated mainly with homogeneous samples. This study developed and validated the GenAI Reliance Types Scale (GenAI-RTS), a 20-item instrument measuring four theoretically derived types of GenAI reliance: Strategic, Instrumental, Dependent, and Dialogic. Validation followed the multisource framework of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, drawing on a survey of 382 undergraduates at a U.S. Minority-Serving Institution and interviews with 14 purposively sampled students. Confirmatory factor analyses of six competing models supported a five-factor structure in which Strategic Reliance comprises two facets, Deliberate Use and Critical Evaluation, alongside Instrumental, Dependent, and Dialogic factors (CFI = .92, RMSEA = .08; DWLS CFI = .98, RMSEA = .07). Subscale reliability was acceptable to good (omega = .75-.88), and scalar measurement invariance held across gender, first-generation status, and STEM/non-STEM majors, to our knowledge the first such evidence for a GenAI reliance instrument. Rasch analysis indicated that a five-point response format would improve category functioning. Strategic reliance was positively associated with AI literacy, and the reliance types differentiated students across multiple writing process and outcome variables. The GenAI-RTS offers researchers and educators a theoretically grounded, psychometrically validated instrument for identifying undergraduate reliance profiles and supporting research, assessment, and AI literacy intervention.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14301
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Earthquaker-AI: A Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework with Rubric-Based Assessment for Primary School Earthquake Education
2026-07-15 17:15:16Xanthi Kokkinou, Chaido Mizeli, Nafsika Koulaxidou, Marina Delianidi, Konstantinos DiamantarasAbstract
This paper presents Earthquaker-AI, a hybrid educational framework building upon a previously implemented educational robotics project by integrating a conversational AI assistant based on Retrieval-Augmented Generation. It aims to enhance earthquake preparedness and conscious action among primary-school students. The system extends the award-winning STEM project Earthquaker moving from mechanical simulation with Lego WeDo2 to cognitive and metacognitive processing. The robotics component uses Lego WeDo2 automation to simulate seismic response, letting students interact with sensors and actuators as tangible representations of protective actions. The assistant operates as a guided learning mechanism aligning student responses with safety guidelines, while providing rubric-based verbal feedback that supports self-regulated learning and calmness under emergency conditions. Earthquaker-AI follows a progressive learning trajectory aligned with cognitive development. In early grades, the focus is on basic recognition of safety actions through multiple-choice questions, assessed via a two-dimensional rubric. In middle grades, students identify correct action sequences through multiple-choice questions, evaluated via a three-axis rubric. In upper grades, the approach shifts to verbal production, requiring short written responses assessed via a four-dimensional rubric that includes clarity of expression. The dialogic module uses RAG to match student queries semantically with official guidelines, generating safe, accurate responses. Experimental evaluation shows high groundedness and accuracy, with a low hallucination rate. Overall, Earthquaker-AI combines hands-on engagement, information processing, and reflective practice. Combining robotics, rubrics, and AI promotes technological literacy, self-regulation, and responsible use of digital systems, contributing to early crisis-management skills.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.14046
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