Deep_Learning
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Physical-Variable-Informed Deep Learning for Robust Diagnosis in Industrial Fluid Transport Systems
2026-10-20 09:12:32Yu Sha, Junqi Tao, Dixin Zhou, Horst Stoecker, Domagoj Vnucec, Andreas Widl, Kai ZhouAbstract
Industrial fluid transport systems are monitored through heterogeneous sensing streams, but robust fault diagnosis remains difficult because response signals vary with operating conditions and differ from physical variables in sampling rate, observation duration and data granularity. To address these challenges, we propose a physical-variable-informed deep learning framework (PhyNet) for robust fault diagnosis under real-world sampling heterogeneity. PhyNet treats physical variables as global operating constraints and response signals as local diagnostic evidence. Its physical-to-response cross-attention mechanism connects sequence-level physical-variable tokens with a learnable global response token, enabling interaction without strict temporal alignment. Across four benchmarks, including three real-world cavitation datasets and one public two-phase-flow dataset, PhyNet achieves the best performance across all evaluated metrics. Class-wise analyses, together with attention and masking analyses, show improved discrimination of ambiguous states and indicate that physical variables meaningfully constrain local response interpretation. These findings demonstrate a deployment-oriented approach to robust diagnosis in heterogeneous industrial environments.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27891
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Inferring continuous cognitive traits from limited neuroimaging data using pairwise convolutional neural networks
2026-10-20 05:32:22Marjan Rashidi, Robert Bain, Craig Stark, Jeffrey Krichmar, Mary Hegarty, Elizabeth ChrastilAbstract
Individual differences in cognitive abilities vary widely, yet the structural brain features supporting these differences remain poorly understood. Traditional brain-behavior analyses rely on predefined metrics such as volume or cortical thickness and typically assume linear relationships with behavior, limiting sensitivity in small datasets. Here, we introduce a pairwise convolutional ranking framework that learns directly from whole-brain T1-weighted MRI by making comparative rather than absolute predictions, which performs well even with small samples (N=108). We tested this method with four small-scale spatial abilities tasks. Regression analysis predicted performance with high accuracy across all tasks, achieving greater predictive power over standard regression and pointwise deep learning baselines. Iterative cortical-region removal (backward elimination) revealed brain regions supporting individual performance common to all four tasks, as well as task-specific regions. These results demonstrate that pairwise learning extracts meaningful behavioral information from structural MRI, providing prediction and interpretable insight into the neuroanatomy of individual differences.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27668
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PCXR-Copilot: Device-aware pediatric chest radiographic analysis with segmentation, suppression, and edema-related cues
2026-10-20 03:24:46Xueyang Li, Alec Girten, Peng Zeng, Mingze Jiang, Shaoyang Huang, Gelei Xu, Danny Z. Chen, Yiyu Shi, John N. KheirAbstract
Patients admitted to pediatric ICU and cardiac ICU often require intensive perioperative support and frequent chest radiography to monitor support devices, extravascular lung water, and body-wall edema. Radiographic interpretation and analysis is often difficult due to superimposed anatomic and iatrogenic structures that obscure clinically relevant signals. While deep learning can provide decision support, translation to pediatric radiographs is still limited by high device burden and scarcity of pediatric datasets with clinically grounded device annotations. To address this gap, we first introduce PediaDeviceSeg-1K, a curated dataset of 1,000 anterior-posterior radiographs of pediatric CICU patients with clinically grounded, fine-grained annotations of common ICU devices. To our best knowledge, this is the first publicly available pediatric CICU CXR resource with clinically grounded device annotations for device-focused benchmarking. Building on PediaDeviceSeg-1K, we further present PCXR-Copilot, a device-aware pipeline that outputs lung and device masks, optional device-suppressed views, and edema-related visualization maps and scalar indices. The full pipeline has been integrated and runs in real time within the TWIST platform at Boston Children's Hospital, demonstrating feasibility for real-world clinical deployment.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.25486
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SynCalib: Breaking Dataset Shortcuts in LiDAR-Camera Calibration via Extrinsic-Controllable Synthesis
2026-10-20 02:59:14Huihua Zhu, Shuyang Zhang, Dongqing Chen, Zhuo Yu, Jianhao Jiao, Yilong Zhu, Siyu Teng, Xiaopin Zhong, Zongze WuAbstract
Online LiDAR-camera calibration remains a fundamental yet challenging task in the field of robotics. Recently, deep learning-based data-driven approaches have emerged, offering high-precision, targetless calibration capabilities. However, existing methods often suffer from a critical dataset shortcut phenomenon due to the lack of extrinsic diversity in their training data. Networks tend to overfit to fixed nominal extrinsic configurations, leading to severe performance degradation and poor generalization in real-world deployments. To address this limitation, we propose a highly generalizable data generation framework tailored for training LiDAR-camera calibration networks. Our framework leverages existing omnidirectional image datasets annotated with depth ground truth to synthesize multi-modal calibration data under rigorous extrinsic constraints. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the data generated by our pipeline significantly enhances the generalization and robustness of typical learning-based calibration networks. Furthermore, we conduct comprehensive real-world evaluations across various camera-LiDAR configurations, validating the zero-shot transfer capability of models trained exclusively on our synthetic data. To facilitate future research and community use, the code for data generation, the pre-trained models, and online benchmark datasets will be made publicly available.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27547
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Test-time Adaptation for Point Cloud Denoising under Unseen Noise
2026-10-20 00:04:09Kun Jiang, Shida Fu, Fanhao Yi, Weiqing Li, Zhiyong SuAbstract
Although deep learning-based point cloud denoising methods have demonstrated impressive results in recent years, their effectiveness usually degrades substantially in real-world scenarios where the noise distribution of test point clouds deviates from that of the training set. To address this challenge, we propose a test-time adaptive denoising (TTAD) framework that enables existing denoising approaches to adapt to unknown noise patterns at test time without relying on additional supervision or retraining from source data. Taking a pre-trained denoising model and a test noisy point cloud as input, TTAD first employs a residual-driven noise modeling (RDNM) module to estimate the sample-specific noise distribution through analyzing the deviation between the noisy input and its pseudo-clean version denoised by the initial model. Then, a noise-aware contrastive adaptation (NACA) module is designed to build sample-specific noisy-noisier test-time training pair from the denoised point cloud, and update the model parameters over a few adaptation steps per sample at test time through contrastive learning. Furthermore, TTAD naturally extends to a continual TTAD (CTTAD) setting, facilitating efficient progressive refinement across sequential test samples with consistent noise distributions, while reducing the computational cost per sample. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that our approach significantly improves the generalization ability of existing denoising models under unseen noise, achieving superior performance across multiple evaluation metrics.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27410
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The Collection of a Real-World, Large-Scale Dataset for Automated Skill Evaluation in Central Line Dressing Change
2026-10-16 17:19:09Ummey Tanin (Pam), Shannan K. Hamlin (Pam), Hsin-Mei Chen (Pam), Peizhu (Pam), QianAbstract
Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) remain a major source of preventable morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings. Proper execution of the central line dressing change (CLDC) procedure is essential for infection prevention, yet current approaches to competency assessment rely primarily on manual ob- servation by clinical educators, making evaluation time-intensive, difficult to scale, and limited in consistency and granularity. These challenges highlight the need for AI-assisted skill evaluation methods that can support more objective, reproducible, and scalable assessment of clinical performance. However, progress in this area has been constrained by the lack of broad-scale, clinically grounded datasets for developing and evaluating such methods. In this work, we present the collection process of a large-scale video dataset for CLDC skill evaluation, comprising 365 recordings of registered nurses collected during the 2026 annual competency exam at Houston Methodist Hospital. Each video is paired with subtask-level temporal annotations and clinical performance assessments spanning 17 subtasks of the procedure. We describe the data collection and curation pipeline, including pilot testing of record- ing configurations, annotation protocol design, and post-collection processing. We further establish the feasibility of video-based skill assessment through benchmark experiments with spatiotemporal deep learning models. This dataset provides a foundation for future research on automated clinical skill assessment, feedback generation, and AI-assisted training in nursing education.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23789
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Neural Expansion: A Unified Mechanism for How Deep Neural Networks Generalize
2026-10-16 16:38:02Chashi Mahiul Islam, Samuel Jacob Chacko, Mao Nishino, Canlin Zhang, Xiuwen LiuAbstract
Deep neural networks demonstrate remarkable generalization despite being highly over-parameterized, challenging traditional statistical learning theories. While several theoretical paradigms such as margin-based bounds, PAC-Bayesian analyses, and neural tangent kernels provide global explanations, they often lack mechanistic insight into how generalization emerges from training dynamics. We introduce Neural Expansion, a unified geometric framework that characterizes generalization through the expansion of directionally-selective ray coverage in the input space. Using Generalization Intervals (GIs), we quantify direction-specific regions around training samples where the model's predictions remain stable. Our extensive empirical studies across diverse architectures and datasets reveal that training leads to progressive expansion of ray coverage, particularly along directions with low Jacobian singular values. This mechanism helps explain a large fraction of correctly classified test inputs, adversarial examples, and even mislabeled or out-of-distribution samples through the geometry of ray coverage rather than instance-level memorization. By connecting input-space curvature to predictive behavior, our framework provides a mechanistic foundation that complements existing global theories of deep learning.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23716
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An Efficient Approach to Beetle Damage Detection of Banana Using Deep Learning
2026-10-16 15:55:23Md. Mehedi Hasan Naeem, Ishtiyak Ahmmad Araf, Md. Arefin Haque Mahir, Tushar Kanti SahaAbstract
Visible surface damage of banana fruits by Basilepta subcostata (the banana fruit scarring beetle) can reduce their market value. Here, manual inspection of Banana fruits is subjective and difficult to scale. This study presents a lightweight framework based on YOLOv8n deep learning model for locating individual bananas and classifying their visible surface condition as healthy or unhealthy. The term beetle damage in the paper title is used operationally for the locally observed scar-like surface condition; the model does not identify a specific beetle species or biological cause. A custom dataset of 2,473 images containing 5,827 annotated banana instances was prepared from local-market imagery in Bangladesh. The reported experiment used an 80/20 protocol with 1,982 training images and 491 test images. A pretrained YOLOv8n model was trained at 640x640 resolution for 50 epochs with a batch size of 4. On the test partition, it achieved 81.36% precision, 74.30% recall, 77.67% F1-score, 87.04% mAP@0.50 and 59.33% mAP@0.50:0.95. A YOLOv8s comparison gave slightly lower F1 and mAP while using a substantially larger checkpoint. The YOLOv8n checkpoint occupied 5.96 MB and required 6.54 ms/image for inference on an NVIDIA Tesla T4. The results support YOLOv8n as a compact baseline for instance-level banana surface inspection within the studied acquisition conditions.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23661
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From Adult Renal Masses to Pediatric Wilms Tumors: Evaluating Cross-Domain Generalization of Kidney Lesion Segmentation on MRI
2026-10-16 14:52:37Sarah de Boer, Myrthe A. D. Buser, Hartmut H\"antze, Jawed Nawabi, Lisa C. Adams, Alida F. W. van der Steeg, Marry M. van den Heuvel-Eibrink, Annemieke S. Littooij, Keno K. Bressem, Mathias Prokop, Alessa HeringAbstract
Deep learning segmentation models for pediatric oncology are often trained on small, single-center cohorts, whereas much larger datasets exist for adult diseases, such as kidney cancer. Whether models trained on adult renal lesions generalize to pediatric Wilms tumors remains unclear. We trained a segmentation model on single-sequence T1- or T2-weighted adult kidney MRI and evaluated it on a held-out adult test set and a pediatric Wilms tumor cohort, where it was compared with a pediatric-specific nnU-Net. Segmentation performance was quantified using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95th-percentile Hausdorff distance. On the adult test set, the model achieved a median DSC of 0.86 for renal lesions. On the pediatric cohort, the adult-trained model achieved a median DSC of 0.85 compared with 0.90 for the pediatric-specific model. Despite differences in age, anatomy, and tumor type, the adult-trained model showed promising performance on pediatric Wilms tumors, with only a modest difference in median DSC compared with the pediatric-specific model. However, non-inferiority could not be shown, highlighting the value of pediatric training data. In future work, a fine-tuning strategy could be explored.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23568
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BRICE: Brain-inspired Recurrent Illusory Contour Encoder for Point Cloud Completion
2026-10-16 06:25:09Yunlei Wang, Dawei Li, Xue-song TangAbstract
Mainstream point cloud completion methods are unanimously based on deep learning architectures. On one hand, these methods tend to repetitively stacking attention modules to enhance network performance, which drifts away from the neat design of unified and interpret-able networks; on the other hand, nearly all existing architectures rely solely on feed-forward connections to propagate information, neglecting feedback from deeper layers. The recurrent neural architecture, formed by feedforward-feedback loops, have shown its ability to generate Illusory Contours (ICs) in the V1 brain region of mammals; and ICs are essentially a completion mechanism of the brain for visual information. Motivated by this, we design a Brain-inspired Recurrent Illusory Contour Encoder (BRICE) to "imagine" what is missing in the incomplete 3D point clouds. Building upon the foundation model of Predictive Coding (PC), the plug-and-play nature enables BRICE to be seamlessly integrated into mainstream point cloud completion baselines. Experimental results show that BRICE can enhance various completion baselines on different 3D datasets such as MVP2K, PCN, and PlantPCom. Our code: this https URL.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23001
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LEMON: Equivariant Learning over Attention Maps for Zero-Shot Misbehavior Monitoring on New LLMs
2026-10-15 22:53:45Guy Bar-Shalom, Mor Geva, Fabrizio Frasca, Haggai MaronAbstract
Large language models exhibit misbehaviors that hinder deployment in high-stakes settings. One approach to monitor such failures is to use an external LLM as a monitor, but this is prohibitively expensive. A well-known and efficient class of monitors can detect such failures from internal representations (such as activation probes), but are tied to the model they were trained on, requiring costly re-annotation as new LLMs appear. A natural way to avoid this repeated annotation cost is to develop internal-representation based monitors that transfer zero-shot across LLMs. However, such transfer is challenging because internal representations are not naturally aligned across models; in particular, attention maps, known to contain signals of misbehavior, may differ in head function, ordering, and model depth. In this work, we characterize those cross-model attention mismatches as algebraic symmetries and use geometric deep learning principles to build LEMON (Language-model Equivariant MOnitoring Network) an online graph neural network-based monitor, whose predictions are invariant under these symmetries. LEMON processes attention maps token-by-token, as they are produced and outputs a score after every token (or every window of $W$ tokens) at negligible cost. Across 16 LLMs and six datasets, in the zero-shot cross-model setting, LEMON outperforms all baselines on both hallucination and jailbreak monitoring tasks, improving over the strongest by up to 14 ROC-AUC points.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22723
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Deep Learning for Deepfake Image Detection: Comparative Model Evaluation and Gradient-Based Visual Attribution
2026-10-15 21:47:45Saad Korchi, Abderrahim WagaAbstract
Synthetic facial imagery has made the distinction between authentic and generated content increasingly important for digital forensics and online trust. This study examines an explainable deep-learning workflow for image-level deepfake detection using two contrasting classification strategies: a compact convolutional model trained from scratch and an ImageNet-pretrained MobileNetV2 model adapted through two-stage transfer learning. Experiments were conducted with the balanced 140k Real and Fake Faces dataset, comprising 140,000 facial images. Under the recorded validation protocol, the augmented from-scratch model reached 84.15% accuracy (loss 0.3625), compared with 95.90% accuracy (loss 0.1074) for the fine-tuned pretrained model. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) was used to visualize image regions associated with predictions, and a Flask-based prototype was developed for side-by-side inspection. These observations support the practical value of pretrained visual representations in the studied setting while underscoring the need to interpret validation performance alongside dataset provenance, explanation limitations, and evaluation scope. The reported results are validation results, not held-out test estimates.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22676
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Seeing Seizures: A Large-Scale Empirical Study of Video and EEG Deep Learning for Automated Rodent Seizure Detection and Severity Grading
2026-10-15 19:11:05Alloy Das, Shreyan Ganguly, Nyzil Massey, Hung Phi Doan, Zhanhong Jiang, Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy, Soumik SarkarAbstract
Manual annotation of synchronized video and EEG recordings is a bottleneck in preclinical seizure research. We present an empirical study of seizure detection and behavioral severity grading using 24,131 paired clips from 601 sessions across 20 rats in a soman-induced epilepsy model. Ten video architectures and seven single-channel EEG models are evaluated independently on binary detection and three- and five-class severity tasks. In the session-exclusive reference comparison, R(2+1)D-18 and GRU achieve detection macro-F1 scores of 0.968 and 0.974, respectively; for five-class grading, the corresponding scores are 0.657 and 0.560. Subject-exclusive evaluation reduces five-class macro-F1 to 0.475 for video and 0.404 for EEG, highlighting the difficulty of grading unseen animals. Temporal-sampling experiments demonstrate the value of multiple frames, while detection performance varies relatively little across the evaluated video architectures. A separate video-only binary-detection evaluation on RodEpil achieves a mean seizure-class F1 of 0.979 after uniform re-encoding to reduce identified class-correlated encoding cues. The study characterizes existing models for behavior-defined severity labels under the evaluated protocol, motivating further investigation of expert-assisted annotation workflows. Our code and github page is available here.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22566
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FPG-Seg: Annotation-free Retinal Vessel Topology Segmentation
2026-10-15 17:27:11James Willoughby, Irina VoiculescuAbstract
State-of-the art approaches to retinal vessel segmentation typically require extensive annotations, a highly time-consuming process, reliant on clinical expertise. We present FPG-Seg, an annotation-free pipeline for retinal vessel segmentation combining classical vesselness filtering, Bayesian deep learning and topology-aware graph reconstruction to segment retinal vessel topology without manual labels. Tested across four widely used benchmark datasets for retinal vessel segmentation, FPG-Seg attains a clDice of $0.74{-}0.78$, representing $86{-}98\%$ of the performance of an equivalent fully-supervised baseline, despite using no manual annotations for training or hyperparameter tuning. As part of this work, we also provide, to our knowledge, the first performance benchmark of an annotation-free vessel segmentation method on FIVES.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22259
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Denoising Textures is a Different Ballgame Altogether!
2026-10-15 17:27:07Saptarshi Mandal, Oindrila Haldar, Chirayata Bhattacharya, Chandra Sekhar Seelamantula, Zhiwei Xu, Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas, Gaurav SharmaAbstract
The human brain effortlessly deciphers colors and textures from visual stimuli and reconstructs the world around us, yet preserving such details remains challenging in image denoising. While significant progress has been made in generic image denoising, the problem of texture denoising has remained relatively under-explored. Fine details, such as intricate patterns and repetitive structures, often suffer from over-smoothing even in deep learning based approaches for denoising. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of state-of-the-art (SOTA) denoisers on texture datasets and show that performance improvements are possible only by fine-tuning the denoisers on the texture datasets. Surprisingly, fine-tuning on texture datasets result in the models catastrophically forgetting the original dataset. These findings highlight the need for specialized treatment of textures in denoising. Since denoising quality directly impacts downstream tasks such as generative modelling, we argue that dedicated texture aware denoisers are essential for faithful texture reconstruction and synthesis.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22258
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From Signals to Evidence: Interpretable Underwater Acoustic Target Sensing with Large Language Models - Part I: Framework and Recognition
2026-10-15 15:27:49Yuge Zhang, Jie Chen, Zhengqiao Zhao, Xiling Yao, Lingji Xu, Jingdong Chen, Yixin YangAbstract
Underwater acoustic target detection and recognition are essential to marine surveillance and intelligent ocean sensing. Despite substantial advances in deep learning, existing systems typically produce binary detection decisions, categorical labels, or scalar confidence scores, offering limited insight into the physical evidence underlying their outputs. Large language models (LLMs) offer an opportunity to move underwater acoustic sensing toward interpretable, evidence-grounded understanding; however, generic audio encoders struggle to capture the distinctive physical characteristics of underwater acoustics, and physically annotated data are scarce. In this paper, the first of a two-part series, we propose a from-signals-to-evidence framework that integrates physics-aware acoustic encoding with a pretrained LLM, organized around a unified feature-evidence-decision chain with a shared reasoning core. An open input layer accommodates heterogeneous information-raw waveforms, time-frequency representations, environmental and geographic data, and textual physical priors-unifying detection and recognition within a common formulation. In Part I, we instantiate this framework for target recognition through an Underwater Acoustic Physics-aware Transformer (UPT), which tokenizes complementary acoustic representations and learns task-disentangled physical representations through four physics-oriented learning tasks. We develop a physics-parameterized data engine that provides traceable supervision at two levels of granularity and introduce an attribute-level evaluation protocol to assess the physical fidelity of generated descriptions. Experiments on simulated recordings of four vessels demonstrate accurate vessel recognition and reliable estimation of shaft frequency, blade-passing frequency, and machinery-related attributes.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22064
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Data-Efficient ConvNeXt Pretraining for High-Resolution Sentinel-1 GRD SAR Representation Learning
2026-10-15 14:40:45Yuki Natsume, Sang-Ho Yun, Chai Kiat YeoAbstract
Labeled Sentinel-1 Ground Range Detected (S1GRD) datasets remain scarce, limiting supervised deep learning for land-surface remote sensing, while self-supervised pretraining for this domain has been dominated by Vision Transformer (ViT)-based masked image modeling requiring substantial data and compute. We propose SparK-SAR, a sparse convolutional masked pretraining framework built on SparK and ConvNeXt, designed to exploit convolutional inductive biases for S1GRD imagery under constrained compute. SparK-SAR makes three core technical contributions: (i) ConvNeXt-RS, a domain-adapted encoder that halves the stem stride (4x to 2x) to produce 14x14 feature maps at stride 16x, providing 4x more spatial tokens at identical parameter count; (ii) a lightweight ConvNeXt-512 reconstruction decoder with PixelShuffle upsampling that reduces pretraining VRAM by 7.5-8.5% per GPU relative to a UNet-128 baseline while matching its accuracy; and (iii) an empirical characterization of FP16 mixed-precision pretraining instability in the standard SparK UNet-768 decoder on S1GRD data, complemented by a finding that finetuning with layer-wise learning rate decay (LLRD) improves downstream performance of pretrained encoders. On four Copernicus-Bench S1GRD tasks, our finetuned 27.8M-parameter ConvNeXt-RS encoder improves over a non-pretrained baseline by +4.7, +5.0, +5.8, and +1.4 pp on EuroSAT-S1, BigEarthNet-S1, DFC2020-S1, and Flood-S1 respectively, and outperforms the Copernicus-FM ViT (139M parameters, frozen) on three of four tasks at roughly 5x fewer parameters. A pretraining data-scaling study reveals task-dependent data efficiency: classification saturates with as little as 10-25% of the SSL4EO-S12 v1.1 corpus, while dense prediction continues to improve significantly up to 25-50%. The study also includes a CKA representation analysis and a geographic de-collision experiment.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.21993
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Product Interaction: An Algebraic Formalism for Deep Learning Architectures
2026-10-15 11:28:46Haonan Dong, Chun-Wun Cheng, Angelica I. Aviles-RiveroAbstract
Modern neural architectures are largely developed as distinct empirical constructions, despite recurring principles across convolutional, attention, state-space, and equivariant models. We introduce Product Interactions, an algebraic formalism that unifies these architectures under a common construction principle and turns their design into a systematic procedure. The core shift is representing data as algebraic elements and treating multiplication, rather than linear transformation alone, as a primitive architectural operation. Architectures are generated by composing multiplication operators, with input dependence organized by self-interaction order. Within this formalism, we derive convolutional and equivariant networks as symmetry-constrained first-order product interactions, recover Mamba from state-space models as an increase in self-interaction order from one to three, and establish attention as a third-order interaction from composing the same operator. Equivariance is incorporated by constraining the algebraic product via symmetry: translation equivariance yields convolution, while SO(3)-compatibility produces the Clebsch--Gordan product and tensor-field interactions. This perspective recasts architecture design as an algebraic construction problem: the choice of algebra defines admissible interactions, symmetry constrains their structure, and composition generates higher-order architectures. The framework is thus generative. Following these principles, we construct a simplified-algebra dynamical layer that improves both accuracy and throughput over Mamba on CIFAR-10. Experiments show that interaction order affects accuracy non-monotonically and symmetry constraints boost learnability. Product Interactions provides a mathematical methodology for analyzing existing architectures and systematically designing new ones.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.02573
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Automatic Sentence Completion Using Bengali Audio Speech with a Transformer-Based Early Speech Recognition System
2026-10-15 03:24:24Md Asif Akram, Arif Faisal, Sakir Hossain Faruque, Sharun Akter KhushbuAbstract
Dementia severely impairs communication abilities and turns everyday conversations into challenging experiences. Individuals affected by dementia frequently struggle to express their thoughts or complete sentences, making it difficult for family members and caregivers to understand their needs. This study proposes a novel approach to assist dementia patients by developing an integrated system that detects signs of dementia through Bangla speech and text analysis and provides sentence auto-completion support during conversations. To achieve this, recorded voices from individuals with and without dementia were analysed, and key acoustic features were extracted to capture vocal patterns associated with cognitive decline. A transformer-based model was employed to transcribe voice signals into text for linguistic analysis. In the classification task, several Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models were evaluated using both acoustic and textual representations, and the LSTM model architectures demonstrated strong capabilities for modelling contextual patterns in speech and language data. For the sentence auto-completion task, a sequential learning model based on a Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) network with an attention mechanism was developed to sequentially complete partially expressed Bangla sentences during conversation. This research bridges the gap in dementia analysis in an underrepresented language and implements a sentence auto-completion framework for cognitive disorders.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.21164
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Really Need Recursion? Revisiting One-pass Registration with Multi-level Multi-space Contextual Guidance
2026-10-15 03:15:55Yue Lin, Shenghai Wu, Mingyuan MengAbstract
Deformable image registration is a fundamental challenge in medical image analysis. Recent deep learning-based methods typically adopt either one-pass architectures that complete registration in a single network iteration, or recursive architectures that refine registration through multiple passes. While recursive methods often improve accuracy, they incur substantial computational overhead and slower inference speed. In this paper, we challenge the necessity of recursion for high-performance deformable registration and propose M2CG, a one-pass registration network with Multi-level Multi-space Contextual Guidance. It performs multi-step progressive pyramid registration within a single iteration, guided at each step by contextual cues from three levels (previous, current, and subsequent steps) and four spaces (image space, image feature space, segmentation space, and segmentation feature space). Our M2CG supports both unsupervised (without any labels) and semi-supervised (with segmentation labels for partial training data) registration, and has achieved state-of-the-art performance across two well-benchmarked inter-/intra-patient medical registration tasks with eight public datasets. Our findings suggest that the current reliance on recursion may stem from the absence of sufficient contextual cues that comprehensively characterize the remaining distance to the target alignment.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22423
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