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Inferring L1 Backgrounds from L2 English with LLM Token Probabilities

2026-10-16 11:12:42
Ahmet Yavuz Uluslu, Mark Gales, Kate Knill, Gerold Schneider
arXiv_CL
     
Abstract

Native language identification (NLI) infers a non-native speaker's first language (L1) from their second language (L2) production. We investigate a token probability approach that scores each text sample as a continuation of a prompt prefix specifying a candidate L1, then predicts the candidate with the highest score. We evaluate our approach using Llama 3.1 8B and 70B on three datasets: TOEFL9, Write and Improve 2024, and BULATS-L1. We compare its performance with previous prompting-based classification approaches. Token-probability scoring substantially improves on direct classification, particularly with the 8B model, while the 70B model achieves state-of-the-art performance across all datasets. Our results indicate that pretrained LLMs' token probabilities contain information useful for distinguishing L1 backgrounds from L2 English production.

Abstract (translated)

URL

https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23309

PDF

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.23309.pdf

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