Speech_Recognition
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When Can You Prune Your Network? A Study of Intermediate Neurons in Multilingual Speech Parsing
2026-10-08 08:53:41Minnie Kabra, Benjamin Lecouteux, Maximin CoavouxAbstract
End-to-end speech parsing, a task recently proposed, consists in predicting both the transcription and the syntactic tree for a spoken utterance. Existing architectures for speech parsing often utilise intermediate neural networks. In this work, we examine the effectiveness of intermediate neural networks (NN) for parsing, and, specifically, what role do they play. We introduce a simpler end-to-end architecture for speech parsing, where we remove these intermediate NN units, reducing the parameters by 12%, while achieving comparable or better performance than prior method on both automatic speech recognition (ASR) and parsing. We demonstrate that intermediate NN units help reduce the representational gap when the pre-trained encoder is frozen. We do a comprehensive evaluation of speech parsing on French, and medium-low resource languages Slovenian and Naija. We further investigate the impact of the training data size and intermediate layers of the pretrained speech encoder on speech parsing.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11520
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Selective Listening: Mechanism-Guided Control of Audio Influence in Large Audio-Language Models
2026-10-08 04:00:47Yulin Sun, Kele Xu, Yong DouAbstract
Large audio-language models (LALMs) exploit multimodal evidence, yet task-irrelevant audio can alter text-reasoning decisions when listening is unnecessary. Aggregate Accuracy can hide this paired drift because audio-induced repairs and damages may cancel. Paired drift analysis and targeted interventions identify architecture-specific, intervention-sensitive late audio pathways as actionable control points. We introduce ICAP-Gate, which applies mechanism-guided, task-conditioned control to each model's pathway. Across four LALMs, two reasoning benchmarks, and environmental-sound and natural-speech interference, ICAP-Gate has lower point estimates for Influence Rate and Answer Flip than ungated inference in all 16 full-split model--condition evaluations. Fixed suppression degrades automatic speech recognition (ASR) across all four models, whereas ICAP-Gate matches ungated ASR performance by preserving the pathway for explicit audio-demand instructions. ICAP-Gate has lower paired-drift point estimates than mitigation prompting in all four evaluated settings and provides competitive stabilization relative to eight-sample Self-Consistency while using one generation per query; in controlled ARC measurements, Self-Consistency incurs $7.0$--$9.2\times$ ungated latency. These results establish selective modality influence control as a design principle for robust multimodal reasoning.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11196
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Backdooring Acoustic Foundation Models for Physically Realizable Triggers
2026-10-07 10:41:54Zebin Yun, Eyal Ronen, Mahmood SharifAbstract
Acoustic foundation models (AFMs) have democratized acoustic applications, enabling powerful models for tasks ranging from speech recognition to speaker verification with minimal resources. However, the security of applications based on AFMs remains largely underexplored. Our work addresses this gap by proposing the Foundation Acoustic model Backdoor (FAB) attack, demonstrating that state-of-the-art AFMs are susceptible to backdooring under practical settings. Despite making minimal assumptions about adversary capabilities (e.g., no access to pre-training data), we show that FAB preserves benign performance while inducing backdoors that survive fine-tuning and cause significant degradation across diverse downstream tasks when activated. Notably, FAB utilizes task-agnostic, physically realizable, inconspicuous, and sync-free triggers (e.g., a background siren). We evaluate FAB using two leading AFMs, nine downstream tasks, and four different triggers. We further demonstrate its effectiveness against established defenses and across both digital and physical domains. While extensive end-to-end fine-tuning can mitigate FAB, such a defense is resource-intensive and task-specific. Our work highlights critical risks to AFMs and calls for advanced defenses.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09819
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IVG-UAV: An Intelligent Voice-Guided UAV System for Autonomous Ripe Fruit Harvesting with Vision-Based Classification and Adaptive Path Planning
2026-10-07 03:59:03Dinh Trung DuongAbstract
In tropical regions, their agricultural sectors remain highly dependent on manual labor for fruit harvesting. On large-scale farms, this dependency often results in significant labor cost and logistic complexities. This project presents the development and simulation of a voice-controlled Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system designed to automate harvesting tasks in extensive plantations. The proposed system integrates speech recognition using Whisper [1] and LLM, computer vision-based ripeness classification, and adaptive path planning within a unified framework. The entire system is modeled and validated in a Gazebo simulation environment, allowing performance evaluation under controlled agricultural scenarios
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09398
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Phoneme-Guided Initialization for LLM-based Speech Recognition
2026-10-06 18:52:05Ryo Magoshi, Shinsuke Sakai, Tatsuya KawaharaAbstract
Speech large language models (speech LLMs) perform well on automatic speech recognition (ASR) when sufficient paired speech-text data is available, but their performance degrades in low-resource settings. A cascaded pipeline that performs speech-to-phoneme (S2P) conversion followed by phoneme-to-grapheme (P2G) conversion has been shown to outperform end-to-end speech LLMs in this regime, suggesting that phoneme-mediated processing is beneficial when paired data is scarce. We propose \textit{phoneme-guided initialization}, a simple method that uses this insight within an end-to-end framework: we pre-train the audio encoder on S2P and the LLM on P2G tasks, then connect them and fine-tune the full model end-to-end on the target ASR task. Experiments on Japanese (CSJ), Chinese (AISHELL-1), and two low-resource languages from Common Voice 25.0 (Tatar and Urdu) show that our method matches or outperforms both the cascaded S2P-P2G baseline and the end-to-end model without P2G initialization.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08994
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InterCorrect: Intersection-Aware Correction of Demographic Model Merging for Fair ASR
2026-10-06 16:07:36Ashley E. Bravo-Bravo, Yuchen Zhang, Haralambos Mouratidis, Ravi Shekhar, Monorama SwainAbstract
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems often show uneven performance across demographic groups, and errors can be especially difficult to address for speakers belonging to multiple demographic groups. This work studies demographic-aware model merging for fair Speech-LLM-based ASR. Starting from a SLAM-ASR-based model, we fine-tune only the connector on demographic-specific subsets and merge the resulting subgroup-adapted connectors into a global model. We then identify critical cross-axis demographic pairs using subgroup WER and task-vector conflict, and apply intersection-specific correction vectors to the global merged model. Experiments on Fair-Speech show that global demographic merging improves overall WER over the base model, while intersection correction provides additional gains for several merging strategies. In particular, TIES with WER-based correction achieves the best overall WER, reducing it from 7.38\% to 5.13\%. Subgroup and disparity analyses further show that the proposed approach improves performance across demographic axes, while highlighting that lower average WER does not always imply reduced subgroup disparity.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08604
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DirectSpeech2LLM: A Simple End-to-End Framework to Mitigate Prompt Overfitting in Speech-LLMs
2026-10-06 10:16:49Hemant Yadav, Sunayana Sitaram, Roger Zimmermann, Rajiv Ratn ShahAbstract
Speech-LLMs often exhibit prompt overfitting, where models solely trained on automatic speech recognition (ASR) instruction fail to generalize to new instructions such as speech translation and continue to behave primarily as ASR system. We propose DirectSpeech2LLM, a simple end-to-end framework that preserves the instruction-following ability of the LLM on unseen tasks when conditioned on speech. It computes distance-based CTC loss over the frozen LLM embedding matrix and uses greedy CTC labels to derive geometrically and temporally aligned speech embeddings respectively as an input to the LLM. Trained solely on 960 hours of LibriSpeech ASR data, DirectSpeech2LLM outperforms the cascaded system on ASR (seen task) and generalizes zero-shot to speech translation and emotion recognition (two unseen tasks), closely matching the cascaded system upper bound on these two new instructions despite seeing neither during training. We also find that geometric alignment strength plays a smaller role than previously assumed, as our modified CTC loss is shown to provide sufficient implicit geometric grounding without requiring an explicit regression loss. Results are consistent across two LLM families and scale with both more training data and model capacity.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08085
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Hiding Tool Latency in On-Device Cascaded Voice Agent through Speculative Execution
2026-10-06 02:36:18Kyudan Jung, Hyunsin Park, Yoonhyung Lee, Jinhwan Park, Jinhyeok Yang, KiHyun Nam, Jaegul Choo, Jinkyu LeeAbstract
Tool-augmented speech assistants typically serialize automatic speech recognition, large language model inference, and external tool execution. As a result, tool latency is incurred only after the user has finished speaking and the LLM has identified the required tool calls. We present speculative tool execution for on-device cascaded voice agents, which predicts tool requests from partial ASR hypotheses and initiates tool execution while speech is still being received, thereby reducing end-to-end response latency. Our approach introduces a Predictor module that anticipates tool calls during speech recognition, executes them speculatively, and caches the results. The cached outputs are then injected into the LLM prompt, enabling faster responses. Additionally, to mitigate errors caused by user self-corrections during speech, we employ a rule-based validation mechanism that selectively injects only valid cached results. As a final safeguard, the LLM retains the ability to issue tool calls directly, ensuring that the latency of our framework is upper-bounded by the baseline serial execution pipeline in the worst case. We evaluate our method using live measurements from a fully implemented Android voice assistant. Our approach reduces the median time-to-first-audio from 5.79,s to 4.60,s and decreases the standard deviation from 3.49,s to 2.81,s, resulting in more predictable response latency.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07641
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Pronunciation-Oriented Reinforcement Learning for Japanese Text-to-Speech with Kana-Domain ASR Rewards
2026-10-06 01:08:08Shiao Zhu, Lianbo Liu, Kai Washizaki, Koki Nikaido, Yui SudoAbstract
Character error rate (CER) computed by automatic speech recognition (ASR) is widely used as an intelligibility reward for reinforcement learning (RL) post-training of text-to-speech (TTS) systems. For Japanese, however, orthographic CER introduces a representation mismatch for pronunciation-oriented optimization: distinct kanji readings may collapse to the same orthographic representation, while equivalent pronunciations may admit different orthographic forms. We instead compute CER in the kana domain using a kana-transcribing ASR model and reference readings (Kana-CER). Under matched group relative policy optimization (GRPO) conditions, Kana-CER reduces target-kanji reading error by approximately 26% relative to the orthographic CER reward, while maintaining comparable orthographic CER and similar speaker similarity and objective speech quality. It also reaches its best validation performance in substantially fewer optimization steps (4k vs. 18k). We further observe severe output elongation under unregularized Kana-CER optimization, which is substantially suppressed by KL regularization.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07575
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Offline AI Modules: Voice-First Offline Architecture, Hardware Reference Stack, Quantization and Benchmarking
2026-10-04 17:16:45Sunday Afariogun, Odunolaoluwa Jenrola, Zeinab NezamiAbstract
The Offline AI Modules workstream enables practical, low-power, and community-accessible deployment of voice-first AI systems that operate fully offline. Designed for African language communities where speech is the dominant mode of interaction and internet connectivity is unreliable or absent, the workstream delivers three reinforcing components: a modular voice-first offline architecture, a low-cost hardware reference bill of materials, and a reproducible quantization and a reproducible quantization and benchmarking pipeline for instruction-tuned language models in the 2-5B parameter class. This paper presents the first end-to-end benchmark evaluation of the stack across two hardware tiers: an NVIDIA Jetson Orin NX (TierB) and a Raspberry Pi5 (TierA). Three instruction-tuned models are evaluated across four quantization formats, assessed for deployment metrics (decode throughput, chat latency, memory, power) and multilingual quality (topic classification accuracy on MasakhaNEWS across English, Hausa, Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin, and Yoruba; per-language perplexity drift). Speech recognition is evaluated using Ethio-ASR on Amharic and Oromo across both tiers. The principal finding is that Q4_K_M quantization represents the best size-to-quality trade-off for deployment on both tiers: gemma-4-E2B-it achieves 28.8t/s decode throughput and 89.2% topic classification accuracy at Q4_K_M on TierB, while all three models run within the 16GB memory budget on TierA.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.07026
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An automated pipeline for standardised speech-unit annotation in spontaneous dialogue
2026-10-02 10:00:14Hanlu He, Harald Vilhelm Skat-R{\o}rdam, Ingvi \"Orn\'olfsson, Ivana KonvalinkaAbstract
Quantifying conversational dynamics requires reliable identification of interactional units and their temporal boundaries, but speech activity alone does not distinguish conversational turns from listener feedback or within-turn pauses. We present an automated pipeline for extracting turns and backchannels from separate-channel recordings of spontaneous dyadic conversation, designed to provide a consistent first-pass annotation for subsequent human review. The pipeline combines voice activity detection, channel-energy filtering, temporal merging, automatic speech recognition, and context-based post-processing. We evaluated the pipeline on 99 ten-minute Danish conversations from 33 dyads using segment-level detection reliability and temporal boundary error. Conversations were recorded under both normal and asymmetric listening conditions. In the latter, speech-shaped noise was delivered to one participant through bone-conduction headphones. Overall detection reliability was F1=0.621, with similar performance for turns F1=0.624 and backchannels F1=0.618. For successfully matched segments, median absolute onset and offset errors were 0.150 and 0.160s for turns and 0.130 and 0.180s for backchannels, respectively. Mean errors were substantially larger for turn boundaries, indicating a smaller number of large boundary mismatches. Performance did not differ significantly across the two experimental listening conditions. In a four-conversation case study, pipeline-human agreement was lower and more variable than human inter-annotator agreement and varied across parameter settings. These results support the pipeline as an automated first pass within a semi-automated annotation workflow, providing a consistent basis for more standardised and reproducible annotation of conversational dynamics.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03078
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Personalized Automatic Speech Recognition for a Dysarthric and Tracheostomic Speaker using Artificial Conversations
2026-10-02 08:52:00David Nadrchal, Monorama Swain, Florian Schmid, Gerhard Widmer, Paul PrimusAbstract
This work presents an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system personalized for a Czech speaker with a permanent tracheal stoma and severe dysarthria rendering their speech unintelligible to untrained listeners. We release a public dataset containing 33 annotated hours of the speaker's speech, collected using a novel "artificial conversation" protocol designed for high engagement and dialogue realism. We propose a multi-stage training pipeline based on Whisper Base: fine-tuning on standard Czech speech, acoustically simulated tracheostomic speech, and the speaker's data. We evaluate the system across three near real-time scenarios: scripted conversations, question answering, and spontaneous dialogue, achieving a 50\% relative reduction in Character Error Rate compared to Whisper Base baseline and surpassing the average recognition accuracy of their assistants in acoustic recognition of isolated utterances. We demonstrate that even for severely impeded speech, a helpful ASR is achievable, as evidenced by the quantitative results and the feedback from the speaker.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03017
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Q-SPT: Learnable Query-Based Compression for Low-Frame-Rate Speech Tokenization
2026-10-01 11:35:01Jeeyoung Yun, Seohwan Yun, Sungwoong KimAbstract
Neural speech codecs increasingly serve as tokenizers for speech language models (SLMs). Lowering the frame rate reduces the computational and memory costs of SLMs, but makes it difficult to preserve both linguistic information and acoustic detail. Existing approaches rely on rule-based compression: average pooling can discard linguistic information, whereas similarity-based merging uses a fixed threshold on adjacent-frame similarity and applies the resulting boundaries to the acoustic stream. We propose Q-SPT, a low-frame-rate dual-stream speech tokenizer with separate, context-aware, learnable query-based compressors specialized for semantic and acoustic representations. In particular, queries at a fixed rate independently attend to the semantic and acoustic streams as separate key-value sources, enabling stream-specific, context-aware aggregation through two separately learned compressors. In addition, an autoregressive text loss explicitly supervises the semantic compressor to preserve linguistic information. Experimental results show that Q-SPT achieves the best reconstruction among the evaluated codecs at the same frame rate. In downstream SLMs, it yields the best speech recognition accuracy and text-to-speech perceptual quality with competitive intelligibility.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.01492
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Fairness Beyond a Single Run: Training-Seed Variability in Speech LLM Adaptation
2026-09-30 04:51:32Srishti Ginjala, Eric Fosler-Lussier, Srinivasan ParthasarathyAbstract
Demographic fairness gaps in automatic speech recognition are almost always reported from a single training run. We fine-tune the Q-former projector and LoRA adapters of a speech LLM at five audio compression factors and six random seeds, holding the encoder, base decoder, data and decoding fixed, and evaluate every run on Common Voice and Fair-Speech. At 460 h of clean LibriSpeech, the seed moves fairness metrics more than compression does on most demographic axes. A balanced 3x3 decomposition attributes 85.3% of the variation in Fair-Speech ethnicity normalized gap to the seed against 8.3% to compression (p = 0.009), though compression explains more on age and gender. Held-out LibriSpeech word error rate spreads by 0.04 points across those seeds while Common Voice spreads by 8.57, so these are not failed runs, and the effect survives controlling for accuracy and dropout. Scaling and diversifying the adaptation set to 960 h damps the effect but does not remove it. On Fair-Speech ethnicity, two single-run systems must differ by more than 0.30 in normalized gap to exceed seed variability.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.38976
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FFASR: Benchmarking Far-Field Automatic Speech Recognition using High-Fidelity Simulated RIRs
2026-09-30 03:44:22Shivam Saini, Eric Bezzam, Georg G\"otz, Alessia Milo, Steinar Gu{\dh}j\'onsson, Konstantinos Gkanos, Finnur Pind, Daniel Gert NielsenAbstract
Far-field automatic speech recognition(ASR) degrades under reverberation, noise, and talker motion, yet the benchmarks that drive model selection emphasize close-microphone speech. We present FFASR, a held-out corpus of 15,637 utterances and an open leaderboard spanning nine conditions, each varying a single acoustic factor: anechoic near-field speech, a measured-versus-simulated office-lab pair, static far-field mixtures at high/mid/low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), and moving-talker variants at matched SNR. Dry speech from 15 talkers is convolved with hybrid wave/geometrical-acoustics room impulse responses from 14 furnished rooms; because the speech is newly recorded and the test waveforms are never released, the corpus resists training-data contamination. Across contemporary systems, mean word error rate (WER) rises from 4.4% near-field to 41.3% in the static low-SNR condition; a moving talker adds a small but consistent penalty at matched SNR; and on the office-lab pair, measured and simulated WER agree to within about 1.7 pp on average. These results support high-fidelity simulation as a scalable proxy for measured far-field evaluation under the conditions we test.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.38897
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Benchmarking Automatic Speech Recognition Tools for Iberian Languages
2026-09-29 07:39:56Fernando L\'opez, Pablo G\'omez, David Solans, Paulo Villegas, Jordi LuqueAbstract
Comprehensive evaluations of automatic speech recognition (ASR) for Iberian languages remain limited, and low-resource languages, biases, and efficiency trade-offs are underexplored. We benchmark eleven systems, ten open-weight models and one commercial API, across five Iberian languages (Basque, Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Spanish), with German and Turkish as controls. Evaluation uses an 85-hour dataset covering read speech, broadcast media, and audiobooks, assessing accuracy and efficiency via word error rate (WER) and real-time factors (RTF/RTFx). Results show no single model dominates: accuracy, efficiency, and language coverage present clear trade-offs. Low-resource languages, especially Basque, degrade significantly, highlighting the role of training coverage. We observe consistent sex disparities across most systems, highlighting fairness challenges in multilingual ASR. Overall, the benchmark provides practical guidance for real-world model selection.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36920
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BaLEEN: Biasing with Latent Encoded Entities for Context-Aware ASR
2026-09-29 07:34:13Chihiro Taguchi, Yotaro Kubo, Rujikorn CharakornAbstract
Transcribing domain-specific entities and rare proper nouns remains a major challenge in automatic speech recognition (ASR). In this paper, we propose BaLEEN (Biasing with Latent Encoded Entities), a lightweight, hypernetwork-based framework for dynamic contextual adaptation without fine-tuning the underlying ASR model. BaLEEN encodes variable-length contextual keywords using a pretrained language model, compresses them into a fixed sequence of latent vectors via a Perceiver bottleneck, and injects context-dependent bias vectors directly into the intermediate encoder representations of the ASR model. Because both the language model and the backbone ASR model remain entirely frozen during training, BaLEEN operates as a plug-and-play adapter that incurs zero computational overhead at inference time when context biases are precomputed. We evaluate our method on a CTC-based ASR model using a Wikipedia-derived corpus with annotated named entities and synthetic speech. Experimental results demonstrate that BaLEEN reduces keyword miss rate by 8.7% on the test set relative to the unbiased baseline while simultaneously improving overall word error rate by 21% and character error rate by 28%.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36913
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Does a prosody-trained representation help beyond trainable fusion? A parameter-matched study with frozen HuBERT
2026-09-29 05:25:14Ki Woong Moon, Daniel BrennerAbstract
Explicit prosodic cues may help automatic speech recognition (ASR) of spontaneous speech, but auxiliary representations typically require additional trainable components, making it unclear whether gains come from the auxiliary information or the fusion mechanism. We address this using a frozen HuBERT backbone and a 64-dimensional representation trained to predict log F0, voicing, Delta log F0, log energy, and spectral tilt. We compare a frozen-backbone recognizer (Baseline), trainable fusion with zero auxiliary input (Null), and the same fusion supplied with the learned representation (Learned). Across Buckeye, Switchboard, and AMI IHM, Null reduces WER by 0.71-1.45 points over Baseline, whereas Learned differs from Null by +0.07, -0.09, and +0.00 points, with no significant differences. However, removing or mismatching the representation at inference increases Learned WER. Thus, Learned depends on the representation yet shows no measurable incremental WER benefit over the parameter-matched control.
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URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36754
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TutlAit v1: a crowdsourced Moroccan Tamazight speech dataset with Arabic transcriptions and regional accent labels
2026-09-27 16:28:38Mohamed-Amine Chadi, Ezzahra Ait El Arbi, Ismail Khayoub, Aymane Fadili, Yassine Ennhili, Jadjigua Bouali, Hanane Inhid, Mohammed Ameksa, Hajar MousannifAbstract
Tamazight (Amazigh) is, together with Arabic, one of the two official languages of Morocco, yet it remains severely under-resourced for speech technology: pub licly available labelled audio is scarce, generally lacks information on the regional variety spoken, and is often of uneven transcription quality. This article describes the TutlAit dataset, a corpus of Moroccan Tamazight speech paired with Modern Standard Arabic text and explicit regional accent labels. The data were collected with TutlAit, a purpose-built crowdsourcing web application (React 18 front end, Django 5 / Django REST Framework back-end, PostgreSQL database). Native speakers recruited through targeted LinkedIn and Instagram campaigns created an account, declared their regional variety (Atlas, Souss, Rif or other) and demographic information, and then contributed through two workflows: Text-to Audio, in which an Arabic sentence is displayed and the volunteer records its oral Tamazight rendering in the browser, and Audio-to-Text, in which a Tamazight excerpt is played and the volunteer types its Arabic transcription. A complemen tary set of segments was obtained from freely accessible Tamazight audiovisual media, segmented and annotated with ELAN and imported through a bulk CSV/ZIP pipeline. Every upload is converted server-side to 16kHz mono WAV, hashed with SHA-256 for duplicate rejection, checked for duration bounds and validated by an administrator. The dataset contains 13,384 audio files totalling 75,231 seconds (approximately 20.9 hours, about 3.01GB). The Atlas variety accounts for 9,956 files (14.08h) and the Souss variety for 3,378 files (6.75h); small Rif (22 files) and Kabyle (28 files) subsets are also included. The corpus can be reused for speech recognition, speech translation and accent identification for Moroccan Tamazight.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.38219
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Child ASR Adaptation with Adult Retention: An Empirical Study
2026-09-25 18:10:54Houssam Eddine-Othman Lachemat, Shammur Absar ChowdhuryAbstract
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems often underperform for children and non-native speakers, while adapting adult ASR models to child speech can cause adult-speech forgetting. We study child ASR adaptation with adult retention across Arabic and English. We compare full fine-tuning, LoRA, and post-hoc weight-space merging across encoder--decoder, encoder--CTC, and AudioLLM-based ASR systems. Experiments use Arabic native and non-native child speech, English MyST child speech, and adult benchmarks from MGB-2 and LibriSpeech test-clean. We evaluate recognition quality with WER and quantify the adaptation--retention trade-off using Retention Index, Child Adaptation Gain, and Adaptation Recovery. Results show that child adaptation is necessary, especially for non-native Arabic and English child speech, but direct adaptation often reduces adult ASR performance. Bilingual adaptation is more stable than language-specific adaptation. Weight-space merging often improves the trade-off, especially for encoder--CTC, Whisper, and AudioLLM-based ASR, with LERP favoring adult retention and TIES recovering stronger child gains. For the encoder--decoder model, direct bilingual fine-tuning remains strongest in raw WER.\footnote{Code, and models are available at this https URL.
Abstract (translated)
URL
https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08827
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